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ftSf^ lnJS^t f I. < ''m. (^"S.^"" 



ELEMENTS OF 



U. S. HISTORY 



)1^ 



SYMONDS 




Book -^^ 



Copyright N 






COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



ABSTRACT 



OF THE 



Elements of U. 8. History, 



ARRANGED IN 



TABULAR FORM. 



RtVfSED feDITlOtI 



BY H, C. SYMONDS 

(west point). 



NEW YORK 

WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON 

42-48 Bast 20th Stbjbst 

190X 

v.- 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two CoptEs Received 

MAR. 14 190! 

Copyright entry 

CLASS O^XXc. N9. 

COPY B, 



CoPTRioHT 1886, 1889, bt 
H. C. SYMONDS. 



Copyright 1901, by 
WILLIAM B2VERLSY ;HARISON. 






PREFACE. 



These Tables embody all the essential facts that are 
found in accepted school text-books. Each one suffi- 
ciently covei-s a distinct subject and constitutes a rea- 
sonable lesson for the youngest classes of pupils. Two 
or three may be readily learned by the more advanced, 
and but few facts other than herein set out, are re- 
tained in the memory of those who are most proficient. 
They present a means of rapid and thorough review 
by those who are to undergo an examination by 

Civil Service Commissioners, 

Academic Board at West Point, 

Academic Board at Annapolis, 

Examining Committees for Appointments. 

H. C. SYMONDS. 



CONTENTS. 



1. Periods of Modern History, 
II. Discoveries by Columbus. 

III. Other Spanish Discoveries. 

IV. Discoveries by the English. 
V. " '* •* French. 

VI. " " " Dutch and Swedei. 

VII. Settlement of Virginia. 
VIII. " •' New York. 

IX. " '* Massachusetts. 

Y «« «» i N^w Hampshire. 

^- I Maine. 

XI. " *' Connecticut. 

XII. " " Marvland. 

YTTT <* " i Rhode Island. 

^^^^' } Delaware. 

XIV. '• " N. Carolina. 

XV. " " New Jersey. 

XVI. " " S. Carolina. 

XVII. " " Pennsylvania. 

XVIII. " ''Georgia. 

XIX. Colonial Governments of 13 Original Statea. 
XX. Admitted States, from Vermont to Louisiana. 
XXI. " •' from Indiana to Washington. 

XXII. Indian Wars of 17th Century. 

XXIII. Indian Wars of 18th Century. 

XXIV. French and Indian War. 
XXV. General Causes of Revolution. 

XXVI. Special " '* 
XXVII. Campaign of 1775. 
XXVIII. Political Events of 1775. 
XXIX. Events of 1776 through Battle L. I. 
XXX. ** " " after *' ** 

XXXl! " '' 1777 in Conn., N. J., Pa. 
XXXII. " '* 1777 (Burgoyne's inv.). 

XXXIII. " "1778. 

XXXIV. " " 1779, 

ill 



IT 



XXXV. Events of 1780. ^ 

XXXVI. " " 1781. 
XXXVII. War of Rev. on Ocean. 
XXXVIII. Battles of Rev. 1775-1778* 
XXXIX. " ♦♦ 1779-1781. 

XL. Articles of Confederation. 
XLI. United States Constitution. 
XLII. Legislative Branch. 
XLIII. Senate. 

XLIV. House of Representatives. 
XLV. Executive Branch. 
XL VI. Judicial Branch. 
XL VI I. Amendments to Constitution. 
XL VIII. Seat of Government. 
XLIX. Important Provisions of Law. 

L. Administration of George Washington. 
LI. *' " John Adams. 

LII. " " Thos. Jefferson. 

LIII. " " James Madison. 

LIV, Causes and Results of War of 1812-1815. 
LV. War of 1812-1815 on Land. 
LVI. '' *' " '' Water. 
LVII. Administration of James Monroe. 
LVIIL ♦* " John Q. Adams. 

LIX. " ** Andrew Jackson. 

LX. " " Martin Van Buren. 

LXI. •• ♦' Harrison and Tyler. 

LXIL •• " James K. Polk. 

LXIII. Causes and Results of Mexican War. 
LXIV. Mexican War on Land. 
LXV. The Navy in Mexican War. 
LXVI. Administration of Zachary Taylor. 
LXVII. " •♦ Millard Fillmore. 

LXVIII. •• " Franklin Pierce. 

LXIX. *' " James Buchanan. 

LXX. '* ** Abraham Lincoln. 

LXXl. General Causes War of Secession. 
LXXII. Special 
LXXIII. Political Events " 
LXXIV. General Plan of " 
LXXV. Financial Measures for the War. 
LXXVI. Taxation for prosecuting the War. 



LXXviI. Depots of Army Supplies. 

LXXVIII. Important Engagements of 1861. 

LXXIX. Naval Operations of 1861. 

LXXX. Array of Potomac, 1862. 

LXXXI. Other Operations in Virginia, 1863. 

LXXXII. Operations from Louisville, 1862. 
LXXXIII. '' '* St. Louis, 1862. 

LXXXIV. Other Operations in 1862. 

LXXXV. Operations in Virginia, 1863. 
LXXXVL •' from Louisville, 1863. 

LXXXVIL ** around Vicksburg, 1863. 

LXXXVIIL Other Operations, 1863. 

LXXXIX. Main Operations in Virginia, 1864. 

XC. Collateral Operations in Virginia, 1864. 

XCL Operations from Chattanooga, 1864. 
XCn. " *' Atlanta, etc., 1864. 

XCIIL " " Louisiana, Alabama, etc., 1864. 

XCIV. ♦* " "Carolinas,"1865. 

XCV. '« " Virginia and the West, 1865. 

XCVI. Confederate Raids, 1861-65. 

XCVIL Raids by Union Troops, 1861-65. 

XCVIII. U. S. Navy, War of Secession, 1861-65. 

XCIX. Confederate Navy. 

C. Results of War of Secession. 

CL Aids to Conduct of the War. 

Cn. Military Prisons of United States. 

CIIL Administration of Andrew Johnson. 
CIV. «* *' U. S. Grant. 

CV. " - R. B. Hayes. 

CVI. " " Garfield and Arthur. 

CVII. Insurrections within United States. 

CVIII. Indian Wars of 19th Century. 

CIX. Growth of United States. 

ex. Administration of Grover Cleveland. 

CXI. Important Political Facts, 1814-1823. 
CXII. «' ♦' " 1846-1862. 

CXIII. Noteworthy Events, 1783-1835. 
CXIV. ♦' «' 1835-1842. 

CXV. " " 1842-1847. 

CXVI. - - 1848-1851. 

CXVn. •♦ '♦ 1851-1860. 

CXVIIL " " 1860-1883, 



VI 



CXIX. Administration of Benjamin Harrison. 
CXX. Second Administration of Grover Cleveland. 
CXXI. Administration of William McKinley. 
CXXII. Spanish-American War. 
CXXIII. Noteworthy Events 1883-1890. 
CXXIV. •♦ ** xSgo-iQoa 



I. — Periods of American History, 

The Modern History of the United States begins 
with the discoveries by Columbus or by the 
Cabots, and is generally treated of under 
Periods, viz. : 

1st. Discovery and Exploration Period, extend- 
ing from the discovery by Columbus, on 
October 12th, 1492, at San Salvador, to the 
establishment of the English Colonies in 
1607. 

2d. Colonial Period, extending from the settle- 
ment of Jamestown, Va., in May, 1607, to 
the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 
1776. 

3d. Revolutionary Period, extending from the 
beginning of insurrectionary acts previous 
to the Revolution, to the close of the Revo- 
lution by the Treaty of Paris, signed Sep- 
tember 3d, 1783. 

4th. Constitutional Period, extending from the 
organization of the Government, under the 
Articles of Confederation, to 

5th. Reconstruction Period, extending from the 
War of Secession, to the present time. 



II. — Discoveries by Columbus, 

Columbus, believing- the Earth to be round^ 
thoug-ht he could reach India by sailing 
westward. He sought assistance in pre- 
paring an expedition, first from Italy, then 
from Portugal, and finally obtained it from 
Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain. 

1st. He sailed from Palos, August 3d, 1492, and 
reaching the island of San Salvador October 
12th, 1492, he took possession in the name 
of Spain. He then sailed south, discovered 
Cuba and Hayti, and returned to Spain in 
1493. 

2d. He soon sailed on a second voyage, visited 
Hayti and Jamaica, and founded the Colony 
of San Domingo. 

3d. He made a third voyag"e in 1498, and dis- 
covered South America, near the mouth of 
the Orinoco. 

4th. He made a voj^ag-e in 1502, hoping- to find 
a strait at Isthmus of Panama. 

He died May 20th, 1506, and is buried at 
Havana. 



"\ 



III. — other Spanish Discoveries, 

Following Columbus, the Spanish sent many 

expeditions. 
1499, under Americus Vesputius, to South 

America. 
1510, a Colony was planted on the Isthmus of 

Darien. 

1512, under Ponce de Leon, Florida was explored. 

1513, under Balboa, an expedition crossed the 
Isthmus of Darien and discovered the Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

1517, under Cordova, Yucatan was discovered. 

1518, under Grijalva, Mexico was explored. 

1519, under Cortez, Mexico was invaded. 

1519, under Magellan, expedition sailed through 
the Straits of Magellan, visited the Lad- 
rones, Philipine, and Molucca islands, and 
returned by way of Cape of Good Hope. 

1520, under De Ayllon, visited South Carolina. 

1521, under Cortez, Mexico was conquered. 
1528, under Narvaez, Florida was visited. 
1541, under De Soto, Mississippi River was dis- 
covered. 

1541, under Coronado, New Mexico was con- 
quered. 

1542, under Cabrillo, Pacific coast explored to 
Oregon. 

1565, under Melandez, St. Augustine was 

founded. 
1582, under Espejo, Sante Fe was founded. 



IV. — Discoveries by the English. 

The discoveries by Columbus created great ex- 
citement in Europe, and the English soon 
fitted out expeditions, the most important 
being that of John and Sebastian Cabot, 
who sailed in 1497 north of the route by- 
Columbus, and reached Cape Breton, called 
by them Prima Vista. 

They made several other voyages, extending 
their explorations to the south, touching 
the coast of New England and going to Al- 
bemarle Sound. 

They took possession of the country for the 
Crown of England. 

1577, Sir Francis Drake sailed to Pacific Ocean, 
and spent three years in explorations. 

1583, Sir Humphre3^ Gilbert founded a settle- 
ment in Newfoundland and explored south- 
ward. 

1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent two ships, under 
Amidas and Barlow, to found a Colony at 
Albemarle Sound. 

1602, Bartholomew Gosnold explored the coast 
from Cape Elizabeth to Cape Cod. 



V. — Discoveries by the French. 

The French also sent expeditions for discovery 
and exploration in the New World. 

1506, Denys explored Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

1524, Verazzani explored the coast from Wil- 
ming-ton, N. C, to Nova Scotia, and called 
it New France. 

1534, Cartier explored Gulf St. Lawrence. 

1535, Cartier explored the river to Montreal. 

1541, Cartier built a fort on the site of Quebec. 

1562, Colig-ny established Colony of Huguenots, 
near Port Royal, S. C. 

1565, Huguenots made settlement on St. John's 
river. This was destroyed by the Spanish. 

1603, DeMonts received grant of the territory 
from Delaware Bay to Cape Breton. 

1605, DeMonts and Champlain made a settle- 
ment at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and call- 
ed the country Acadia. 

1608, Champlain founded Quebec, and called the 
country Canada. 

1609, he discovered Lakes Huron and Cham- 
plain. 



VI. — Discoveries by Dutch and Swedes, 

1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the 
service of Holland, explored the coast, 
entered New York and sailed up the river, 
which was named Hudson. 

1613, the Dutch W. I. Company established a 
trading post on Manhattan Island (New 
York). 

1615, they established one at Fort Orange 
(Albany). 

1626, they sent out a Governor and claimed 
political sway over the territory from the 
Delaware to the Connecticut River. 

1638, the Swedes, under the patronage of Gus- 
tavus Adolphus, sent out a Colony that 
settled on Christiana Creek, in Delaware. 

The foregoing embraces properly the persons 
and places concerned in explorations leading 
to any results in America. 

The Colonies founded during this period were 
generally failures and contributed little 
towards subsequent colonizations. 



\ll.— Settle' t of Virginia 1607 by English. 

An English Corporation, called the London 
Company, obtained a g-rant to trade and 
settle between the 34th and 38th degrees of 
N. Latitude. 

Captain Newport, with three ships and 105 
persons, entered Chesapeake Bay in May, 

1607, and founded Jamestown, a colony governed 
under a charter known as the First 
Charter. Capt. John Smith assumed con- 
trol of affairs, and procured supplies from 
Powhatan. 

1608, new settlers arrived to search for gold. 

1609, Second Charter was granted ; 500 immi- 
grants arrived, and Lord Delaware was 
made Governor. 

1610, Lord Delavvare arrived with men and 
supplies. 

1612, Third Charter granted, giving stock- 
holders control. 

1619, Governor Yeardl}^ established a Colonial 
Legislature. 

1620, Dutch trader brought and sold 20 Africans. 

1621, a Written Constitution was granted. 

1622, an Indian massacre occurred. 
1624, Virginia became a Royal Province. 
1660, Navigation acts were put in force. 
1676, Bacon's Rebellion occurred. 



8 
YllLSettle't of New York 1613 hy Dutch. 

1534, Verazzani entered New York Harbor. 

1609, Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. 

1609, Henry Hudson, in service of Holland, dis- 
covered and sailed up the Hudson River. 

1613, Dutch built a trading- post on Manhattan 
Island. 

1615, Dutch built Fort Orange, at Albany. 

1623, Dutch began settlements on Manhattan 
Island and along- Hudson River, and claimed 
the country from the Delaware to the 
Connecticut. 

1626, Peter Minuits was sent out as first 
Governor, and was followed by Van Twiller, 
Kieft, and Peter Stuy vesant, the last Dutch 
Governor. 

1664, England claimed and held the Country 
under the discovery of the Cabots, granting 
it to the Duke of York. 

1673, the Dutch fleet came, re-captured and 
held it for a brief period. 

1674, Duke of York sent out Andros as 
Governor. 

1689, insurrection in favor of King William 
took place. 

1691, New York became a Royal Province. 



9 
IX. — Settlement of Mass. 1620 by English. 

1620, first permanent settlement in New Eng- 
land was at Plymouth by Pilgrims who 
came in the Mayflower. 

1628, Puritans under John Endicott settled 
Salem. 

1630, Puritans under John Winthrop settled 
Boston. 

1635, Roger Williams was banished from the 
Colony. 

1637, Anne Hutchinson was banished from the 
Colony. 

1643, Union of New England Colonies (Ply- 
mouth, Mass. Bay, Connecticut and i^ew 
Haven), was formed for mutual protection 
against the French, Indians and Dutch. 

1660, navigation acts were put in force and 
crippled the prosperity of the Colony. 

1675, King Philip's war began, lasted two years 
and ended in December, 1676, in the ** Swamp 
Fight." 

1686, James II. abolished the Charter, sent out 
Andros as Governor and abolished the 
Legislature. 

1689, the people of New England sided with 
Parliament. 

1691, Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Col- 
onies were united under a Royal Charter. 

1692, Salem witchcraft broke out. 



10 

X.— Settle' t ofN. H. 1623 by Eiiglish. Settle t 

of Maine 1625 by English. 

1623, Gorg-es and Mason obtained from Council 
of Plymouth a grant of land extending from 
the Merrimac to the St. Lawrence. 

Mason took that part west of the Piscataqua 
River, and called it New Hampshire. 

Settlements were made at Dover and Ports- 
mouth. 

1641-1680, the Colony was united to Massachu- 
setts for assistance and protection against 
Indians, and on account of troubles among 
the proprietors. 

1680, it became a Royal Province. 

1686-1688, it was under Gov. Andros. 

1690, it again went under protection of Massa- 
chusetts. 

1741, it became and remained a Royal Province. 

Gorges took that part lying between the 

Piscataqua and Kennebec, and called it 

Province of Maine. 
1639, he received a separate grant for the same, 

but Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction. 
1677, English Government decided ag-ainst 

Massachusetts, and granted it to Duke of 

Monmouth. 

1691, Massachusetts bought it from the Duke 
for ;C1,200. 



11 



XI. — Settlement of Conn. 1633 by English. 

1630, Council of Plymouth ceded the soil of 
Connecticut to Earl of Warwick, who sold 
to Lords Say and Brooke. 

The Dutch had built a fort on the site of 
Hartford. 

1633, English colonists sailed past the fort and 
built a block-house at Windsor. 

1635, families from Massachusetts settled Wethers- 
field. 

Colonists from England settled Saybrooke. 

1637, Pequod Indians made war on the settlers, 
but were defeated by Capt. Mason near 
New London, on the Mystic River. 

1638, a Colony was established at New Haven. 

1644, Connecticut and Saybrooke Colonies were 
united. 

1665, Connecticut, Saybrooke and New Haven 
Colonies were united under Royal Charter 
from Charles II. 

1687, Gov. Andros attempted to take away this 
charter but failed, though he administered 
the government till 

1689, when it returned to government under the 
charter granted by Charles II, 



12 
Xll. —Sett lenient of Md. 1634 by English. 

Maryland was originally within the limits of 
Virginia, as granted under the London 
Company 

1624, it became the property of the Crown. 

1631, Wm. Clayborn obtained license to trade 
with Indians and built a fort at mouth of 
Susquehanna. 

1634, Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained 
grant from Charles I., under a very liberal 
charter, to establish an asylum of Catho- 
lics, and Leonard Calvert was made first 
Governor. Clayborn resisted his authority, 
raised an insurrection, was defeated and 
fled to Virginia. 

1649, Legislature passed the ** Toleration Act " 
and soon the Protestants obtained control 
and disfranchised the Catholics. 

1655, Keligious civil war arose and lasted till 
1660. 

1662, Charles Calvert was sent out as Governor. 

1684, by death of Lord Baltimore he became 
proprietor. 

1689, one Coode, a Protestant, incited a religi- 
ous war. 

1691, King William made it a Royal Province. 

1716, it again became proprietary and so re- 
mained till the Revolution. 



13 



XIU.— Settle' t of Rhode IsVd 1636 hy English, 
Settle't of Delaware 1638 by Swedes, 

1635, Roger Williams, banished from Massa 
chusetts, went to Rhode Island and lived 
with Narragansett Indians. 

1636, Williams collected a few friends and made 
a settlement at Providence, which became 
an asylmn for religious refugees. 

1638, a number of religious refugees from Mas- 
sachusetts settled at Portsmouth. 

1639, Colonists settled Newport. 

1643, Rhode Island obtained from Charles II. a 
Royal Charter, which was confirmed in 
1654 against the claims of Massachusetts. 

1638, Gustavus Adolphus founded a Colony near 
Wilmington, to be an asylum for Swedes. 

1655, the Dutch of New York subjugated the 
Colony and ended Swedish power in 
America. 

1664, it came under control of the English. 

1683, it was granted to Wm. Penn and placed 
under same administration as Pennsylvania. 

1703, it was allowed a separate Legislature. 



14 



XIY,— Settled of N. Carolina 1650 by English. 

1585-1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to es- 
tablish a colony on Roanoke island. 

1650, some English emigrants from Virginia 
founded on Chowan river the * 'Albemarle 
County'* Colony. 

1663, Charles II. gave Lord Clarendon a grant of 
all the land between Virginia and Florida. 

1665, some emigrants from New England 
formed a settlement near Wilmington. 

Afterwards some planters from Barbadoes 
made a settlement near Wilmington. 

These Colonies were, for twentj^ years, gov- 
erned under a Constitution draAvn up by the 
Earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke, and 
know^n in history as the ''Grand Model," 
and were called the " Clarendon Colony." 

1729, King of England bought out the proprie- 
tors and divided the country into the two 
Roj^al Provinces of North Carolina and 
South Carolina. 

1750, a large emigration from the Northern 
Colonies moved into North Carolina. 



15 



XV.—Settle't of New Jersey 1664 by English. 

In 1613, the Dutch established a trading* post 
at Berg-en, and the country was held as 
part of the Province of New Netherlands. 

1664, emigrants from Long Island settled at 
Elizabeth. Charles II. granted the territory 
to the Duke of York, who sold it to Lord 
Berkeley and Sir Geo. Carteret. 

Philip Carteret was appointed first Governor, 
with his Capital at Elizabeth. 

Colonists were exempted from taxes for five 
years. When the time expired, the people 
revolted against paying any taxes, and 
Lord Berkeley sold the West Jersey to Bil- 
lings, a Quaker, who sold it to Wm. Penn. 

1682, Carteret sold East Jersey to Wm. Penn. 

1702, the Jerseys were united into a Royal Pro- 
vince and placed under the Governor of 
New York, with a separate Legislature. 

1738, it was made a Royal Province and so con- 
tinued till the Revolution. 



16 



XYl.— Settled of S. Carolina 1670 by English. 

1562, the Huguenots maintained, for a short 
time, a Colony at Port Royal. 

1670, under Wm. Sayle, a settlement was made 
on Ashley river, and known as the Carteret 
Colony. 

1680, the Colonists removed to the present site 
of Charleston between Ashley and Cooper 
rivers. 

Slaves were introduced from Barbadoes. 

1686, the people rebelled against Gov. Colleton. 

1694, the cultivation of rice was begun. 

1703, Gov. Moore sent expedition against St. 
Augustine. 

1706, fleet of French and Spanish ships at- 
tempted the capture of Charleston. 

1715, the Yamassee Indians, with the neighbor- 
ing tribes, began war on the Colonists and 
were defeated in battle of Sal-ke-hatch-ee. 

1719, the people rebelled against the proprietors 
and chose Gov. Moore as their Governor. 

1729, King of England bought out the proprie 
tors and it became a Royal Province with 
an Assembly elected by the people. 



17 



XYll.—SettleH of Penn, 1682 by English. 

1681, the settlement of a larg-e sum due from 
the King- of Eng-land to the father of Wm. 
Penn was effected by the grant of the tract 
of land between New Jersey and Maryland. 

1682, Wm. Penn used his purchase to found an 
asylum for persecuted English Quakers. 
He purchased from Duke of York, the 
present State of Delaware, then called " The 
Territories." 

He found many Dutch and Swedes settled 
there, and these, owing to his kind treat- 
ment, remained. 

He granted the Colony a *' Charter of Lib- 
erties." 

1684, Penn returned to England, leaving a 
Deputy Governor in charge. 

1699, Penn returned to the Colony on account 
of disputes among his officials, and discon- 
tent among the people. 

1703, he made Delaware and Pennsylvania sep- 
arate provinces. 

1718, he returned to England and died. 

1767, the boundary line between Pennsylvania 
and Maryland was established by two sur- 
veyors, Mason and Dixon, 



18 



XYllh—SettleH of Georgia 1733 by English. 

1732, General James Oglethorpe, with numer- 
ous associates as ** Trustees," received a 
grant of the land south of the Carjolinas. 

1733, he established a Colony at Savannah, to 
which came a large number of thrifty 
Scotch, Swiss and Germans, induced by lib- 
eral grants of land. 

1740, he made an unsuccessful attack upon the 
Spanish at St. Augustine. 

1742, a Spanish force, 36 vessels and 3,000 men, 
from Havana, attacked Georgia, but was 
driven off, wdthout inflicting injury. 

1743, Oglethorpe returned to England, leaving 
the government in the hands of a President 
and Council. 

The Colony did not thrive, owing to various 
causes, the most important of which, it is 
claimed, was the restriction against the im- 
portation of Rum and Slaves. 

1752, Georgia became a Royal Province and all 
restrictions were removed. 



19 



XIX. — Colonial Governments of the 13 Origi- 
nal States, 

The several colonies were settled under gener- 
ally distinct governmental forms for each. 

Commercial Corporations. 

Proprietary, under grant to an individual. 

Royal, under a government appointed by 
the King. 

4th. Charter, under a written grant of " rights.'' 

5th. Voluntary Association, made by persons 
without authority of Company, Proprietor 
or King. 



1st 
2d. 
3d. 



1st 


Va. 


1607 


English 


Jamestown 


Com'l Corporation 


2d 


N. Y. 


1613 


Dutch 


New York 


<( 


3d 


Mass. 


1620 


English 


Plymouth 


Voluntary Associ'n 


4th 


N. H. 


1623 


(( 


Dover 


Proprietary 


5th 


Conn. 


1633 


(< 


Hartford 


Pro'y & Vol'y Ass'd 


6th 


Md. 


1634 


41 


St. Mary's 


Proprietary 


7th 


R. I. 


1636 


<< 


Providence 


Voluntary Associ'n 


8th 


Del. 


1638 


Swedes 


Wilmington 


Royal Charter 


9th 


N. C. 


1650 


Enghsh 


Albemarle S'd 


Proprietary 


10th 


N.J. 


1664 


<« 


Elizabeth 


*^ «« "^ 


11th 


S. C. 


1670 


t* 


Charleston 


<< 


12th 


Pa. 


1682 


tt 


Philadelphia 
Savannah 


<( 


13th 


Ga. 


1733 


<( 


Royal Charter 



20 



XX,^Admitted States (In Order of Admis'n), 

1st. Vermont, settled at Fort Diimmer in 1724 on 
the Connecticut Eiver, was claimed by New 
York and New Hampshire. 

The dispute was settled by paying $30,000 to 
New York, and admitting it as a State in 
1791. 

2d. Kentucky y settled at Harrodsburg in 1774, 
was made a County of Virginia, and admit- 
ted in 1792. 

3d. Tennessee^ settled at Nashville in 1778, was 
made a County of North Carolina, and ad- 
mitted in 1796. 

4th. OhiOy settled at Marietta in 1788, was made 
a part of Northwest Territory, organized in 
1786. It was admitted in 1802. 

5th. Louisiana, first settled at Iberville in 1699 
by the French, came into possession of the 
United States by purchase from France 1803. 
The present State was carved out of the 
Louisiana Purchase and admitted in 1812. 

A regular plan of organizing, under Territorial 
Governments, the wild, unoccupied lands of 
the West, now began and has been followed 
to the present time. 



21 





XXI. 


—Admitted States 


(continued). 


No. 


Name 


Sett'd. 


AT 


By 


Admit. 


6 


Ind. 


1730 


Vincennes 


French 


1816 


7 


Miss. 


1716 


Natchez 


(« 


1817 


8 


nis. 


1730 


Kaskaskia 


(« 


1818 


9 


Ala. 


1711 


Mobile 


tt 


1819 


10 


Me. 


1625 


Bristol 


English 


1820 


11 


Mo. 


1764 


St. Louis 


French 


1821 


12 


Ark. 


1685 


Arkansas Post 


<< 


1836 


13 


Mich. 


1670 


Detroit 


tt 


1837 


14 


Fla. 


1565 


St. Augustine 


Spanish 


1845 


15 


Texas. 


1692 


Sa,n Antonio 


<< 


1845 


16 


Iowa. 


1833 


Burlington 


Americans 


1846 


17 


Wis. 


1669 


Green Bay 


French 


1848 


18 


Cal. 


1769 


San Diego 


Spanish 


1850 


19 


Minn. 


1846 


St. Paul 


Americans 


1858 


20 


Oregon 


1811 


Astoria 


i< 


1859 


21 


Kansas 


1854 


Atchison 


<< 


1861 


23 


W.Va. 


1607 


part of Va. 


English 


1863 


23 


Nev. 


1850 


Genoa 


Americans 


1864 


24 


Neb. 


1847 


Bellevue 


'* 


1867 


25 


Col. 


1859 


Denver 


<( 


1876 


26 


N. Dak. 


1813 


Pembina 


English 


1889 


27 


S. Dak. 


1859 


Yankton 


Americans 


1889 


28 


Monta. 


1861 


Helena 


•• 


1889 


29 


Wash. 


1845 


Turn water 


ti 


1889 


30 


Idaho 


1862 


Pioneer City 


i< 


1890 


81 


Wyo. 


1867 


Cheyenne 


<< 


1890 


32 


Utah 


1817 


Salt Lake City 


«« 


1896 



22 



XXIL— Indian Wars of 11th Century. 

1622, the Indians in Virginia began a war on 
the settlers and massacred many, before 
the Colonists could rally for defence. 

1637, the Pequods began a massacre of whites 
in the valley of the Connecticut River. A 
small force under Capt. Mason exterminated 
the tribe. 

1675, Philip, King of the Wampanoags, began 
a war along Eastern shore of Narragansett 
Bay, which extended to the Connecticut 
Valley, and ended with death of Philip at 
Mt. Hope. 

1689, the war between England and France 
growing out of the deposition of James II. 
extended to the Colonies. 

Dover and Salmon Falls in New Hamp- 
shire — Ft. Pemaquid and Casco in Maine 
— Schenectady in New York — were captured 
by French and Indians, pillaged and de- 
stroyed. 

1690, Port Ro3^al in Nova Scotia, was captured 
by a force sent from Massachusetts under 
Sir William Phipps. 

1697, the war was closed by Treaty of Ryswick. 



23 

XXlll.— Indian Wars of ISth Century. 

1704, the War of Spanish Succession between 
Eng-land on one side and France and Spain 
on the other, extended to the Colonies. 

Deerfield, Mass., was burned. 

1710, Port Royal, N. S., was captured and name 
changed to Annapolis. 

1713, this War was closed by Treaty of Utrecht, 

1712, the Tuscaroras in North Carolina, began 
a War on the settlers, were defeated and 
joined the Iroquois in New York. 

1715, the Yamassees in South Carolina, began 
war on the settlers, were defeated and with- 
drew to Florida. 

1744, the War between England and France, 
growing out of the French succession, ex- 
tended to the Colonies. 

1745, Louisburg, Cape Breton Island, was cap- 
tured by a force under Sir Wm. Pepperil. 

1748, this war was closed by Treaty of Aix-la- 

Chapelle. 
The wars closed by the treaties of Ryswick, 

Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle, are called the 

three French wars. 
1763, Pontiac's war was waged against the 

French settlements in the North-west. 
1790, Gen. Harmar, in 1790, and Gen. St. Clair, 
' in 1791, made unsuccessful campaigns in 

Indiana and Ohio. 
1794, Gen. Wayne finished the war with battle 

of Maumee, 



24 

XXIY— French and Indian War, 1754-1763. 

The French and Indian Avar grew out of the 
efforts of the Eng'lish and the French to 
establish supremacy in America, by push- 
ing* explorations and settlements into the 
interior; from the Atlantic coast by the 
English, and from St. Lawrence b}^ the 
French. They met near the headwaters of 
the Ohio river. 

1753, Geo. Washington was sent to St. Pierre, 
the French Commander, with a letter from 
Gov. Dinwiddle of Virginia. 

1754, battles of Great Meadows and Ft. Neces- 
sity took place. 

1755, tiie French were driven from Nova Scotia 
by Monkton — Braddock was defeated at 
Monongahela — The Eng-lish were defeated 
by Dieskau at Lake George— The French, 
under Dieskau, were defeated at Lake 
George. 

1756, war was formally declared between Eng- 
land and France. The French, under Mont- 
calm captured Oswego. 

1757, the French, under Montcalm captured Ft. 
Wm. Henry. 

1758, the English,^ under Amhei'st, captured 
Louisburg. 

The English, under Abercrombie, w^re de- 
feated at Ticondaroga. 

1759, the En^-lish took Ft. Niagara and Quebec 
—Wolf killed. 

1763, the war closed by Treaty of Paris — 
France ceded all east of the Mississippi 
River, except New Orleans and Island St, 
Pierre. 



25 



XXV. — General Causes of The Revolution. 

The people of the Colonies liad, for three or four 
g-enerations, been spared the serious bur- 
dens of taxation for purposes of g-overn- 
ment ; had learned by necessities the means 
for self- protection and preservation ; had 
become familiar with the nature of war, by 
their conflicts with Indians, and, by the 
French and Indian war, had learned some- 
thing* of its pageantry and g'lory. 

1660, the enterprise of the Colonies was seri- 
ously restricted by the Navigation Acts. 

1765, Eng-land desired to g-et a revenue to meet 
the g-reat expenses incurred in the French 
and Indian war, and passed the Stamp Act. 

1767, a duty was imposed upon the importation 
of tea and other articles by the Colonies. 

The Colonies, in assemblies and conventions 
of the people, opposed these measures 
and petitioned for their repeal, but without 
success. 

It is a debatable question whether the separation 
from the mother country was seriously con- 
templated by the People, or was urged by 
the aspirations of Politicians. 



26 



XXVI. — Special Causes of The Revolution. 

1765, a Convention, called First Colonial Con- 
gress, of 28 delegates from 9 colonies, met 
in New York, Oct. 7th, denounced the right 
of * ' Taxation without Representation," and 
demanded the repeal of the Stamp Act. 

1766, the Stamp Act was repealed. 

1769, Parliament adopted resolutions asking the 
King to arrest, bring to England and try 
the leaders for treason. 

1770, first Outbreak was caused by cutting 
doAvn Liberty Poles erected in New York bv 
^' Sons of Liberty." 

In Boston the soldiers fired upon the Citizens, 
killed and wounded several. 

1773, East India Company sent a cargo of tea 
to Boston and it was destroyed. 

1774, Custom House was removed to Salem and 
Gen. Gage Avas appointed Governor. 

First Continental Congress, sometimes called 
the Second Colonial Congress, met in Phil- 
adelphia. 

1775, another Congress was called to meet in 
May. 

Parliament declared the Colonies to be in Re- 
bellion. 



27 



XXYIL-Camjjaign of 1775. 

1775, in April, Gov. Ga^e had about 3,000 
troops in Mass., and, learning that the peo- 
ple had collected military supplies at Con- 
cord, sent a detachment of men to destroy 
them. At Lexington these troops found a 
small body of militia under arms, who, not 
dispersing-, as ordered, were fired upon and 
eight were killed. The British marched to 
Concord and destroyed the stores. On their 
return, they were attacked by the Minute 
Men with loss of many killed and wounded. 

In May, Col. Ethen Allen captured Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point. 

A large force was collected at Boston, under 
Gens. Howe, Burgoyne and Clinton. 

June 17th, 1775, this force attacked and captured 
Bunker Hill. 

An expedition under Montgomery took Mon- 
treal, Nov. 13th. 

An expedition under Arnold failed in an attack 
upon Quebec. 

These events determined the character of the con- 
test, and left the leaders of the people no hope 
in a peaceful close to the struggle. 



38 



XXVIIL— Political Events of 1775. 

1775, the Second Continental Congress met in 
May. Congress assumed the functions of a 
General Government, and in June appoint- 
ed George Washington, General-in-Chief. 
Benjamin Franklin submitted a draft of a 
Fundamental Law, called Articles of Con- 
federation for the government of ^' The 
United Colonies." 

Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, was 
driven from the Colon^^ and a Man-of-war 
burned Norfolk. 

A body of people met at Charlotte, N. C, and 
issued the Mecklenburg Proclamation, a 
preliminary to the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. 

The people throughout the Colonies were great- 
ly excited by these events, and while many, 
called Royalists or Tories, were and contin- 
ued to be lo3^al to British rule, yet the 
great mass of people in all the Colonies be- 
gan to adopt measures looking to a war 
with the Mother Country- . 



29 



XXIX. — Events of 1776, thro' Battle of Long 
Island. 

177 6, sie^e of Boston began ; but the Ameri- 
cans having- erected batteries on Dorchester 
Heights, tlie siege was raised March 17th. 

An expedition under Admiral Parker and Gen. 
Clinton was sent against Charleston, S. C, 
but it could not pass Ft. Moultrie and was 
a failure. 

July 4th, Congress issued a Declaration of In- 
dependence, giving birth to a new nation, 
The United States of America. 

Gen. Howe had arrived from Halifax, and with 
his army occupied Staten Island where 

Admiral Howe arrived with re-inforcements 
from England. 

Gen. Clinton arrived from South Carolina with 
his forces. This armj^, now numbering 
30,000 men, was landed on Long Island and 
attacked the force under Gen. Putnam, 
placed for the defence of Brooklyn, and de- 
feated them in the Battle of Long Island. 

Washington withdrew liis troops to New York 
and retreated to Harlem, then to White 
Plains and finallv to North Castle. 



30 



XXX.— Events of 1776, after the Battle of 
Lang Island. 

In November, 1776, the British transferred their 
army to New Jersey, after having" captured 
Ft. Washington on the Hudson, with the 
loss to the Americans of 3,000 men. 

Washing-ton crossed his army into New Jersey 
and evacuating- Ft. Lee, started across New 
Jersey with 5,000 men. 

Gen. Charles Lee, who had been left in New 
York, was frequently ordered to join Wash- 
ington with his command, but delayed and 
was finally captured at Morristown, N. J. 

The American army had reached the west bank 
of the Delaware, with the British in close 
pursuit, waiting on the east bank for the 
river to freeze, when Washington, on 
Christmas night, crossed and captured 1,000 
Hessians at Trenton. 

The British moved on Ti'enton, but Washington 
got in their rear and defeated them at 
Princeton, Jan. 2d, 1777. 

Dec. 8th, The British fleet under Sir Peter 
Parker entered Rhode Island and a force 
occupied the State. 



31 

XXXI. — Events of 1777 in Connecticut, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania. 

In April, Gov. Tryon made a raid in Connecti- 
cut, destroyed military stores at Danbury, 
and burned it. 

In May, the Connecticut Militia attacked Sag 
Harbor and burned a number of vessels. 

Washington now had 10,000 men at Morris- 
town, and the British had 30,000 at New 
Brunswick. 

In June, the British went to Staten Island and 
in July 18,000 sailed for Philadelphia, but 
being stopped by Fts. Miflin and Mercer, 
landed at head of Chesapeake Bay. Wash- 
ington went to Philadelphia, moved out 
and fought the battle of Brandywine, was 
defeated and retreated to Potts o-rove. 



'a 



In October, Washington attacked the British at 
Germantown. The British occupied Phila- 
delphia and Forts Mercer and Miflin were 
evacuated. The British went into winter 
quarters at Philadelphia and the Americans 
at Valley Forge. 

Gen. Lafayette joined the American arm3^ 

Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation 
in November. 

Congress adopted the *' Stars and Stripes'' as 
The Flag. 



32 



XXXII.— Events of 1771— Bur goyne's 
Invasion. 

The British succeeded in Pennsylvania, but 
failed in New York. 

Gen. Burg-oyne with 10,000 men moved from 
Canada by way of Lake Champlain, while 
Gen. Clinton was to move from New York 
and both men were to hold the line of the 
Hudson and thus cut off New England. 

Burgoyne captured Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point and reached Ft. Edward July 30th, 
where he remained six weeks, sending an 
expedition to Bennington, Avhich was de- 
feated. 

An expedition sent against Ft. Schuyler, now 
Rome, N. Y., was forced to retreat to Can- 
ada. 

In August, Gen. Gates took command of the 
Americans and moved to Stillwater. The 
British advanced and fought the battle of 
Bemis Heights, September 19th. Another 
battle was fought October 7th and won by 
the Americans, who pursued and captured, 
at Saratoga, Burgoyne's arm^^ of 6,000 
men. 

Gen. Clinton moved up the Hudson as far as 
Kingston, burned that town and retreated. 



33 



XXXlll— Events of 1778. 

1778, the French formed an alUance with the 
United States and assisted them with fleets 
and soldiers. England sent out commis- 
sioners to offer the Colonies all they asked, 
if they would remain loyal subjects*. 

Kosciusko and Pulaski, Poles, with DeKalb and 
Steuben, Germap officers, joined the army 
and assisted greatly in organizing- the 
troops. 

In April, a French fleet under d'Estaing sailed 
for America, whereupon the British aban- 
doned Philadelphia and ships and troops 
were concentrated at New York. 

Washington followed the army and attacked it 
at Monmoiithy N. J., June 28th. 

Washington moved his army to White Plains, 
N. Y., and the French fleet sailed to Rhode 
Island but soon went to Boston for repairs. 

In July, Wyoming in Pennsylvania was raided 
and destroyed by Indians and Tories. 

In November, Cherry Valley in New York met 
the same fate. 

Gen. Sullivan was compelled to evacuate Rhode 
Island. 



34 



XXXIY.— Events of 1779. 

The French fleet, after repairs, sailed to the 
"West Indies. The British fleet followed, 
and the British army followed the fleet and 
captured Savannah in December, 1778. 

In January, 1779, the British captured Sunbui-y. 
Gen. Lincoln took command of American 
forces. 

In February, the Tories in South Carolina were 
defeated by Col. Pickens at Kettle Creek. 

In March, the Americans were defeated at 
Brier Creek. 

In April, Gen. Lincoln with 5,000 men moved 
into Georgia, and the British moved ag-ainst 
Charleston, w^hereupon Lincoln marched 
and attacked them at Stono Ferry. 

In September, the French fleet, with 6,000 
troops, attacked the British in Savannah, 
were repulsed, and then sailed for France. 

During this year, the British raided Connecti- 
cut, captured Norfolk, Va., and raided that 
section. The Americans re-captured Stony 
Point on the Hudson river, attacked the 
British on the coast of Maine and re-cap- 
tured Castine ; and punished the Indians for 
the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry 
Valley. 



35 

XXXV. —Events of 1780. 

A British force under Gen. Clinton landed and 
besieged Charleston, and on April 9th the 
fleet passed Ft. Moultrie, when Lincoln was 
forced to surrender Charleston, May 12th, 
with 5,000 men. 

Clinton, supposing- he had reduced South Caro- 
lina, sailed for New York, leaving- Corn- 
wallis in command. 

In June, Marion and Sumter organized partizan 
forces. 

In July, Gen. Gates moved through North Car- 
olina with 5,000 troops, was met and de- 
feated by Cornwallis on 

August 16th, at Sander's Creek, and retreated 
^toHillsboro, N. C. 

In October, several partizan leaders united their 
forces and defeated the British at King's 
Mountain. 

In December, Gates was superseded by Gen. 
Nathaniel Greene. 

Benedict Arnold, being in command in Phila- 
delphia in 1778, was accused, tried and con- 
victed of embezzlement, but Washington 
remitted the sentence. 

In 1780, being in command of West Point, 
N. Y., he agreed to surrender the fort to 
the British for i^lO,000, the details being 
settled with Maj. Andre, who, on his return, 
was captured at Tarry town, was convicted 
and executed as a sp3'. 



36 

XXXYL— Events of 1781. 

In January, the Pennsylvania troops, lollowed 
by the New Jersey troops, were in a mutin- 
ous state on account of their harclships. 

The British sent Arnold into Virginia with 
1,600 men, and Washington left Lafayette 
with 1,200 men. 

Greene's forces fought the actions of the Cow- 
pens, January ITth — Guilford Court House, 
- March 15th— Hohkirk's Hill, April 25th— 
Ninety-Six, June 18th — Eutaw Springs, 
September 8th. 

In June, Cornwallis occupied and fortified York- 
town, Va., taking command of the foi'ces in 
that section. 

Washington, abandoning New York, moved 
rapidly with all his forces and began the 
siege of York town by land, while the Frencli 
fleet, under DeGrasse, blockaded James and 
York rivers. 

The British surrendered 8,000 men and all theii' 
war material October 19th, 1781. 

This practicall3^ closed the war, and in 1782 a 
preliminary treaty of peace was sig-ned by 
John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Henry Lau- 
rens and John Jay, as U. S. Commissioners. 

The Treaty of Paris was signed Sept. 3d, 1783. 
The armv was disbanded Nov. 3d, 1783. 



37 



XXXVII. — War of Revolution an the Ocean. 

Oct. 3d, 1775, CongTess ordered two cruisers of 
10 and 14 g-ims, and in the same year 15 
more vessels, carrying- from 20 to 36 guns, 
were built in the Colonies of New England, 
New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. 

Esek Hopkins, of Rhode Island, was appointed 
High Admiral and first went against Gov. 
Dunmore of, Virg-inia, then captured New 
Providence, and returning, took several 
prizes into Narragansett Bay. 

1776, navy consisted of 26 vessels carrying 536 
g-uns. The Alliance, a 32-gun frigate, was 
purchased. 

1777, the Lexington, Capt. Barry, captured the 
British sloop Edward, and by the close of 
1777, 800 prizes had been captured by 
American cruisers, mostly privateers. 

1779, Sept. 23d, the Bon Homme Richard, witli 
two small vessels, under Paul Jones, foug-ht 
and defeated theSerapis and the Countess 
of Scarboro near Flamboro Head. 

Privateers were numerous and played au impor- 
tant part in the War on the Ocean. 



38 



XXXVIIL—Battles of Revolutim, 17Y5-1778. 


Date. 


Battle. 


Am. Com. 


Br. Com. 


1775 








Apr. 19 


Lexington 


Parker 


Smith 


June 17 


Bunker Hill 


Prescott 


Howe 


Dec. 31 


Quebec 


Montgomery 


Carleton 


1776 








June 28 


Ft. Moultrie 


Moultrie 


Parker 


Aug. 27 


Long Island 


Putnam 


Howe 


Oct. 28 


White Plains 


McDougall 


Leslie 


Nov. 16 


Ft. Washington 


Magaw 


Howe 


Dec. 26 


Trenton 


Washington 


Rahl 


1777 








Jan. 3 


Princeton 


Washington 


Mawhood 


Aug. 6 


Ft. Schuyler 


Herkimer 


St. Leger 


- 16 


Bennington 


Stark 


Baum 


Sept. 11 


Brandywine 


Washington 


Howe 


" 19 


Bemis Heights 


Gates 


Burgoyne 


" 20 


Paoli 


Wayne 


Grey 


Oct. 4 


Germantown 


Washingt&n 


Howe 


" 7 


Saratoga 


j Gates 


Burgoyne 


1778 








June 28 


Monmouth 


Washington 


Clinton 


Aug. 29 


Rhode Island 


Sullivan 


Pigot 


Dec. 29 


Savannah 


R. Howe 


Campbell 



United States victories in small capitals. 



39 



XXXJX.— Battles of Revolution, 1779-1781, 



Date. 


Battle. 


Am. Com. 


Br. Com. 


1779 








Jan. 9 


Sunbury 


Lane 


Provost 


Feb. 14 


Kettle Creek 


Pickens 


Boyd 


Mar. 3 


Brier Creek 


Ash 


Provost 


June 20 


Stono Ferry 


Lincoln 


Maitland 


July 15 


Stony Point 


Wayne 


Johnson 


, Aug. 13 


Penobscot 


Lovell 


McLean 


" 29 


Chemung 


Sullivan 


Brant 


Oct. 9 


Savannah 


Lincoln 


Provost 


1780 








April 14 


Monk's Corner 


Hugei' 


Tarleton 


May 22 


Charleston 


Lincoln 


CUnton 


June 28 


Springfield 


Greene 


Knyphausen 


Aug. 16 


Sander's Creek 


Gates 


Cornwallis 


Oct. 7 


King's M'tain 


Campbell 


Ferguson 


1781 








Jan. 17 


Cowpens 


IMorgan 


Tarleton 


Mar. 15 


Guilford C. H. 


Greene 


Cornwallis 


April 25 


Hobkirk's Hill 


(( 


Rawdon 


June 18 


Ninety-Six 


" 


Cruger 


Sept. 8 


Eutaw Springs 


(< 


Stuart 


Oct. 19 


YORKTOWN 


Washington 


Cornwallis 



40 



XL. — Articles of Confederation. 

During the War of Independence the States were 
held together by the common danger, and 
submitted to a ' ' Government by the Con- 
gress," under a fundamental law called 
''Articles of Confederation."' 

This was proposed in 1T75 and adopted in 1777. 
It gave to the General Government author- 
ity to create debts, but no sources of re- 
venue to pay them. 

The attempt to collect taxes to meet these debts 
brought on insurrections, notably Shay's 
in Massachusetts, requiring troops to sup- 
press it. 

1787, in May, a Convention of delegates met to 
revise the Articles of Confederation, and 
instead thereof, submitted to the people a 
draft of a Fundamental Law, called the 
Constitution, Sept. 17th, 1787. 

This was advocated in a series of papers called 
"The Federalist," written by Hamilton, 
Madison and Jay. 

It was ratified by the people to go into operation 
March 4th, 1789, 



41 



XLI. — United States Constitution. 

This distributes the powers of government 
among- three co-ordinate Branches, each, in 
the exercise of its exclusive functions, inde- 
pendent of the others. 

Some of the functions of government are sub- 
ject to the determination of two of these 
branches and some require the consent of 
all three branches to give vitality to its pro- 
visions. 

The Three Branches are the — 

Legislative, consisting of a Senate and a 
House of Representatives. 

Executive, consisting of a Pi'esident and a 
Vice-President. 

Judicial, consisting of a Supreme Court and 
other Inferior Courts. 

The Several States of the Union -dre required to 
frame their fundamental laws and organize 
their governments conformabl.y to the pro- 
visions of the U. S. Constitution. 

The Legislative Branch enacts the laws. 

The Executive Branch executes the laws. 

The Judiciary Branch interprets the laws. 



42 



XLII. — Legislative Bi^mwh. 

All legislative powers of the g-overnment are 
vested in Congress. 

Congress may prescribe the times and manner 
of choosing its members, but the place is 
prescribed by State Legislatures. 

Congress shall assemble once at least every year 
on the first Monday in December. 

Each house of Congress shall judge of the quali- 
fications of its own members ; shall prescribe 
its rules of proceedings ; shall keep a Jour- 
nal of its proceedings ; and neither house 
shall adjourn for more than three days 
without the consent of the other. 

Members shall, except for treason, felony or 
breach of the peace, be privileged from ar- 
rest, going to or retui-ning from the Capital. 

A member shall not hold other civil office or be 
appointed to any civil office created while 
he was a member. 

Many enumerated powers are granted and sev- 
eral are denied to Congress. 



43 



XUIL— Senate. 



The Senate shall be composed of two Senators 
from each State, chosen for six years, and 
each havins" one vote. 



'O 



Qualifications — to be 30 years of ag-e ; to have 
been 9 years a citizen of the United States, 
and at time of his election to be an inhabit- 
ant of the State from which chosen. 

The Senate shall choose its own officei^s, and a 
'' president pro tempore, ^^ who shall pre- 
side during- the absence of the Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

The Senate shall have sole potver to try cases of 
impeachment, and, when so engaged, the 
Chief Justice shall be its presiding- officer. 

The Senate cannot originate any bill for raising 
a revenue, but may propose amendments 
to any such bill. 

Tlie Senate must give consent to the appoint- 
ment of all higher officers of government 
and to all Treaties made with foreign 
powers, before they become valid. 



44 



XLIV. — House of Eepresentatives. 

The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members apportioned among* the 
States according- to population, the number 
to each representative being- fixed by Con- 
gress after each census. 

Qualifications — to be 25 years of age ; to have 
been 7 years a citizen of the United States : 
and at the time of his election, to be an in- 
habitant of the State from which chosen foi' 
two years. 

House of Representatives shall choose its own 
Speaker and other officers ; shall have sole 
power of impeachment ; and, in case th»' 
Electoral College fail to choose a President 
within the appointed time, the House of 
Representatives shall immediatelj^ proceed 
to choose a President from the three candi- 
dates highest on the list. 

All bills for raising a revenue shall originate in 
the House of Representatives, but the Sen- 
ate may propose amendments as with other 
bills. 

Every bill, to become a law, must be signed by 
the President within 10 days after its pas- 
sage. 



45 



XLV. — Executive Branch. 

The Executive power shall be vested in a Presi- 
dent, elected for 4 years, as is also the Vice- 
President, who may succeed to the office of 
President. 

Qualifications — to be a natural born citizen of 
the United States ; to be 35 years of age ; 
and to have been 14 years a resident within 
the United States. 

Powers : He shall be Commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy, and of the militia wiien 
in the service of the United States ; may 
g-rant reprieves and pardons for offences 
against the United States ; ma^^ fill vacan- 
cies to office during a recess of the Senate. 

Tbe Senate concurring, he may appoint Diplo- 
matic Officers of the United States, Judges 
of tbe Supreme Court, and all officers not 
specially provided for by law, and two-thirds 
concurring may make Treaties. 

He may, by proclamation, assemble Congress 
during adjournment. 



46 



XL VI. — Judicial Branch. 

The Judicial power shall be vested in one Su- 
preme Court and such inferior courts as 
may b}^ law be established. 

Qualifications — no specific ones are prescribed, 
but the judg-es hold office during" good be- 
havior, and their compensation can not be 
diminished dming their continuance in 
office. 

The Supreme Court is composed of one Chief 
Justice and eight Associate Justices, who 
meet at least once a year in Washington 
on the first Monday in December. 

Circuit Courts are held in each of the circuits 
into which the United States is divided. 

District Courts are held in each State or part 
of State and in each Territory. 

United States Commissioners, numerousl^^ ap- 
pointed, hold courts to hear originaf pro- 
ceedings in offenses against U. S. Laws. 

The Judicial power of United States may extend 
by appeal to nearly all cases. 



XL VII. — Amendments to Constitution, 

Congress may, by two-thirds vote of both 
houses, propose amendments ; or may, on 
application of two-thirds of the Legisla- 
tures of the States, call a Convention to 
propose amendments, which shall be bind- 
ing, when ratified by three-fourths of all the 
States. 
Amendment I. guarantees religious freedom. 
'' II. guarantees right to bear arms. 

"" III. forbids quartering soldiers. 
*' IV. regulates search- Avar rants. 
** V. requires indictment for crime. 

** VI. secures rig'hts of accused per- 
sons. 
" VII. secures trial hy jury. 
" VIII. forbids excessive bail or punish- 
ment. 
*' IX. secures to " The people " uneiui- 

me rated rights. 
" X. secures to States ungranted 

powers. 
" XI. secures to State Courts concur- 
rent power. 
'■ XII. prescribes method of choosing 

President. 
^* XIII. abolishes slavery. 
'' XIV. prescribes civil rights. 
" XV. prescribes political rights. 



48 



XL VIII. — Seat of Government. 

1774, Sept. 4th, First Continental CongTess met 
at Philadelphia. 

1775, May 10th, Second Continental Congress 
met at Philadelphia. 

1776, Congress, on the approach of British 
moved from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 

1777, Congress met in Philadelphia, but soon 
removed to Lancaster, then to York, Pa. 

1778, CongTess met in Philadelphia and there 
held its sessions till close of the war. 

It became an important political question to 
determine the permanent seat of Govern- 
ment, which was held 

1783, in Princeton, N. J., and Annapolis, Md. 

1784, in Trenton, N. J. 

1785-1789, in New York City. 

1790-1800, in Philadelphia. 

1800 to present time, in Washington Citj^, the 
site selected by Washington, being now 
about 64 square miles of territory ceded by 
Maryland. 



49 



XLIX.— Important Provisions of Law. 

In case of disability of both President and Vice- 
President, the Secretary of State succeeds 
to the presidency, and in case of disability of 
Secretary of State, then the Secretary of 
Treasury, and so on in turn to Secretary of 
War and other members of the Cabinet. 

A Veto of a bill passed by Cong'ress, must be 
made to that house in which the bill origi- 
nated, to be acted upon by each house in turn. 
If it fails to receive a two-thirds vote of both 
houses, it fails to become a law. If it re- 
ceives a two-thirds vote of both houses, it be- 
comes a law, notwithstanding the veto by 
the President. 

Li case of violations of law by the higher civil 
officers and for which no adequate remedy 
is provided, the House of Representatives 
may present Articles of Impeachment. 
If the Articles be sustained by a two-thirds 
vote of the Senate, the offender is thereby 
dismissed. 



50 

L. — Administration of George Washlngtmi. 

Born in Virginia. Inaugurated April 30tli, 
1789 ; served 8 3^ears. 

A Cabinet, composed of four Heads of Depart- 
ments, was authorized by Act of Congress. 

State — Treasury — War — Law. 

Public Debt of $75,000,000, resulting from the 
war of Revolution, was funded on a plan 
proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary 
of Treasury. 

1790, seat of Government removed from New 
York to Philadelphia. 

1791, Vermont was admitted as a State. 

1791, Bank of United States was established. 

1792, Washington was re-elected President. 

1793, March 4th Washington was re-inaugrur- 
ated. 

Political parties began to form, with Alex- 
ander Hamilton as leader of Federalists. 
Thomas Jefferson as leader of Republicans. 

Citizen Genet, French Minister, violated his 
neutrality and fitted out ''privateers," 
Washington asked his recall. 

1794, Whiskey insurrection occurred in Penn- 
sylvania. 

1795, Treaty with Spain opened Mississippi 
River. 

1797, Washington made his ''Farewell Ad- 
dress." 



51 

LI. — Admmistration of John Adams. 

Born in Massachusetts. Inaugurated March 
4th, 1797 ; served 4 years. He was elected 
by Federalists against Thomas Jefferson. 
Integrity marked the affairs of government 
and prosperity abounded with the people. 

France asked assistance of the United States in 
its wars with England, but the United States 
was neutral. 

The French adopted hostile Trade Regulations, 
and many American vessels were captured. 

1798, Congress authorized reprisals, raised an 
army and appointed Washington to the 
command. The frigate Constellation csip- 
tured a French frigate and the cry arose, 
" Millions for defence, but not one cent for 
tribute." 

During this administration the ' 'Alien and Se- 
dition " laws were passed. 

1799, Bonaparte seized the government of 
France. Washington died at Mt. Vernon 
on the 14th day of December, aged G8 
years. 

1800, Bonaparte made Treaty of Peace with 
• United States. 

Seat of United States Government was re- 
moved from Philadelphia to Washington 
Citv. 



52 

LII. — Administration of Thomas Jefferson. 

Born in Virginia. Inaugurated March 4th, 

1801 ; served 8 years. 
1803, Louisiana Territory was purchased from 

France for $15,000,000. 
1763, France had ceded Louisiana to Spain and 

in 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana back to 

France. 

1803, a naval force was sent against Tripoli. 
The frigate Philadelphia was captured and 
crew enslaved. 

1804, Lieut. Decatur re-captured and bui'ned 
the Philadelphia. 

Alexander Hamilton was killed in duel with 
Aaron Burr. 

1805, Jefferson was re-inaugurated. 

1 806, Burr organized a conspiracy to separate the 
West and Southwest and conquer Mexico. 

Great Britain being supreme on Ocean, estab- 
lished blockade of France and captured 
American trading vessels. 

Bonaparte declared British Isles under blockade. 

England proclaimed '' Right of Search.'' 

1807, British frigate Leopard fired on Ameri- 
can frigate Chesapeake, took off four sea- 
men, claimed as British subjects. 

Jefferson issued proclamation closing Ameri- 
can ports. 
British government issued '^ Orders in Council." 
Bonaparte issued his ** Milan Decree." 
Congress decreed "Embargo " of foreign com- 
merce. 



53 



LIII. — Administration of James Madismi. 

Born in Virginia. Inaug-urated March 4th, 
1809 ; served 8 years. He was elected by 
the Republicans, now beginning- to be called 
Democrats as opposed to Federalists. 

1809, Embargo Act was repealed and Non- 
Intercourse Act was passed, forbidding 
commerce with Great Britain and France. 

1811, Gen. Harrison, Governor of Indiana Ter- 
ritory, made a campaign against the In- 
dians in the Northwest and defeated them 
in the battle of Tippecanoe. 

1812, June 10th was published the Proclamation 
of War against England, which lasted till 
the Treaty of Ghent, Feb. 17th, 1815. 

1812, Creek and Seminole Indians in Georgia 
and Alabama began war, captured Foi't 
Mimms and massacred 300 captives. The 
whites, under Gen. Jackson, defeated the 
Indians in several engagements and ended 
the war at To-ho-pe-ka or Horse Shoe Bend. 

1814, the Hartford Convention met. (See CXI.) 

1815, War with Algiers. Commodore Decatur 
captured two ships, forced a treaty and 
released American prisoners held as slaves. 

181G, U. S. Bank was chartered for 20 years. 



54 

LIV. — Causes and Results of War 1812-16. 

General Causes — 

The rapid development of enterprise in the 
United States, was establishing* a rival. 

England desired : 1st, to regain the United 
States ; 2d, to cripple the commerce of the 
United States ; 3d, to check the develop- 
ment of manufactures in the United 
States. 

Again, much irritation grew out of our neu- 
tral trade, during the Napoleonic wars, 
while England was in need of seamen. 

Special Causes — 

France revoked the Milan Decree and the 
United States declared free intei'course 
with France. 

England stationed ships-of-war before the 
ports of the United States, searched ves- 
sels and impressed seamen. 

May, 1811, British ship Little Belt fired on 
American frigate Pt^esident and was dis- 
abled by return fire. 

1812, June 19, war was formall3^ declared. 

Results — The United States was generalh^ suc- 
cessful on land, and eminentl3^ so on the 
water. 

1815, Feb. 17, Treaty of Ghent was ratified by 
the United States, but it settled no question 
provoking the war. 



55 



LY.—War of 1812-15 on Land. 



Date. 


Name. 


Am. Com. 


Br. Com. 


1812. 








July 17 


Fort Mackinac 


Capt'd by Bri- 


tish and Indians 


Aug. 16 


Detroit 


Hull 


Brock 


Oct. 13 


Queensto^vn 


Van Rensel'r 


Brock 


1813. 








Jan. 13 


Frenchtown 


Winchester 


Proctor 


April 27 


York 


Dearborn 




May 5 


Fort Meigs 


Harrison 


Proctor 


- 29 


Sackett's Harbor 


Brown 


Provost 


Aug. 2 


Fort Stephenson 


Croghan 


Proctor 


Oct. 6 


Thames 


Harrison 


Proctor 


Nov. 11 


Chrystler's Fi'ld 


Brown 




1814. 








July 5 


Chippewa 


Brown 


Riall 


" 25 


LuNDY Lane 


Brown 


Drummond 


Aug. 15 


Fort Erie 


Brown 


Drummond 


" 24 


Bladenburg 


Winder 


Ross 


Sept. 11 


Plattsburg 


Macomb 


Provost 


" 12 


North Point 


Smith 


Ross 


" 13 


Fort McHenry 


Armistead 


Ross 


1815. 
Jan. 8 


New Orleans* 


Jackson 


Packenham 



* This last battle was fought after the Treaty of Ghent 
had been signed. 



56 



LVL— TFar of 1812-15 rni Water, 



Date. 


Where. 


American. 


British. 


1812. 








Aug. 13 


Off Newf'undl'd 


Essex, 


Alert, 






Porter 


Langharme 


*♦ 19 


" Mass. Bay 


Constitution, 


Guerriere, 






Hull 


Dacres 


Oct. 18 


" N. Carolina 


Wasp, 


Frolic, 






Jones 


Whingates 


" 25 


" Canary Is'ds 


United States, 


Macedonia, 






Decatur 


Garden 


Dec. 29 


" San Salv'd'r 


Constitution, 


Java, 


1813. 




Bainbridge 


Lambert 


Feb. 24 


" Demarara 


Hornet, 


Peacock, 






Lawrence 


Peake 


June 1 


" Co'st of Mass. 


Chesapeake, 


Shannon, 






Lawrence 


Brooke 


Aug. 14 


In Br. Channel 


Argus, 


Pelican, 






Allen 


Maples 


Sept. 5 


Off Coast of Me. 


Enterprize, 


Boxer, 






Burroughs 


Blythe 


" 10 


On Lake Erie 


Fleet, 


Fleet, 


1814. 




Perry 


Barclay 


Mar. 28 


At Valparaizo 


Essex, 


Phoebe, Hilgar 






Porter 


Cherub, Tucker 


April 29 


Off Florida 


Peacock, 


Epervier, 






Warrington 


Wales 


June 28 


In Br. Channel 


Wasp, 


Reindeer, 






Blakeley 


Manney 


Sept. 1 


Off Africa 


Wasp, 


Avon, 






Blakeley 


Arbuthnot 


" 11 


On Lake Cham. 


Fleet, 


Fleet, 






McDonough 


Downie 


Dec. 14 


** Lake Borgne 


Fleet, ^ 
Jones 


Fleet, 


1815. 




Lockyer 


Jan. 20 


Off Coast of N. J. 


President, 


Fleet, 






Decatur 


Hayes 


Feb. 20 


" Madeira I'ds 


Constitution, 


Cayanne, 






Stewart 


Falcon 
Levant, 

Douglas 



57 



LVII. — Administration of James Monroe. 

Born in Virg"inia. Inaugurated March 4th, 
1817 ; served 8 years. This period is known 
politically as the " Era of good feeling*." 

1819, Seminole Indians invaded Georgia ; Gen. 
Jackson pursued them into Florida; took 
Fort at St. Marks and seized Pensacola. 
This resulted in a Treaty with Spain, by 
which Spain ceded Florida to the United 
States for $5,000,000. 

1820, the question of admitting Missouri into 
the Union gave rise to angry political dis- 
putes, which resulted in the Missouri com- 
promise, admitting Missouri as a slave 
State in 1821, but prohibiting slavery in all 
territory West of Mississippi River, and 
North of 36° 30'. 

1823, the efforts of South American States to 
acquire independence, elicited a message 
from the President embodying the " Monroe 
Doctrine," which declared against any 
attempt of European States to interfere in 
the affairs of South American States, as pre- 
judical to the peace and safety of the 
United States. See CXI. 

1824, Gen. Lafayette visited the United States, 
and remained one year the guest of the 
Nation. 



5a 



LVm. — Admin, of John Quincy Adams. 

Born in Massachussetts. Inaugurated March 
4th, 1825 ; served 4 years. He was elected 
hy the House of Representatives, as no one 
of the candidates (Adams, Jackson, Craw- 
ford, Clay) received a majority of votes. 

1826, Ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas 
Jefferson died on the same day, July 4th. 

1828, Congress enacted revenue laws, imposing 
high tariff on imported goods. 

The Administration favored a high tariff, in 
order to develop and foster domestic manu- 
factures. Such has since been known as a 
Protective Tariff. 

The political agitation ensuing caused a re- 
formation of political parties, the adminis- 
tration party under leadership of Henry 
Clay becoming known as Whigs, and 
generally favoring a high tariff; the 
opposition rallying around Andrew Jackson 
as leader, and known as Democrats. 

Great economy and general prosperity existed 
during this administration. 



59 



LIX. — Administration of Andrew Jackson. 

Born in North Carolina. Inaugurated Mar. 4th, 
1829 ; served 8 years. 

1832, Congress passed an Act renewing Charter 
of U. S. Bank ; President vetoed it ; Charter 
expired 1836. 

Black Hawk War occurred in Illinois. 
Indians were conquered and moved west 
of Mississippi River. 

Congress adopted a Tariff that was opposed 
by the South. The attempt under 
leadership of Calhoun, to prevent its en- 
forcement is known as Nullification. The 
trouble was settled by an Act providing 
for a gradual reduction of duties. 

1833, President ordered that all public money 
be withdrawn from deposit in U. S. Bank. 

1834, President forced payment of French 
Indemnity. 

1835, Seminole war, lasting 7 j^ears, began by 
the massacre of Major Dade and his com- 
mand. Osceola, the Seminole chief, was the 
leader. 

1837, the Cherokee and Creek Indians were re- 
moved from Georgia and Alabama, and 
established in Indian Territor^^ which had 
been organized in 1834. 



60 



LX. — Administration of Martin Van Buren. 

Born in New York. Inaugurated March 5, 1837 ; 
served 4 years. 

This administration inherited the Seminole war 
and the diseases of an inflated currency. 
It was the era of wild-cat banking. 

The Seminoles were finally conquered and re- 
moved to Indian Territory, leaving a few 
half-breed and outlaw representatives to 
continue depredations against settlers for 
twenty years longer. 

The peace, industry and prosperity of the pre- 
ceding twenty years had developed extrav- 
agance, speculation and fraud. 

The Specie Circular had condensed these. 

The Independent Treasury act restored life to 
trade. 

1837, discontent in Canada developed into an 
attempt at independence, which was encour- 
aged by sympathizers in the United States. 
The brig Caroline was fitted out to go to 
help of the insurgents, but was destroyed 
by the loyalists. 

The President's Proclamation of Neutrality re- 
stored peace. 



61 
LXI. — Admin, of Harrison and Tyler, 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 

Born in Virg'inia. Inaugurated March 4th, 
1841 ; served 1 month. 

The tariff and financial legislation together 
with the speculation and political demoral- 
ization had been sufficient to give the 
election to the Whigs. Their joy was short, 
as Harrison died April 5th, and was suc- 
ceeded by 

JOHN TYLER. 

Born in Virginia. Inaugurated April 6th, 1841 ; 

served 3 years, 11 months. Tyler was an 

anti-U. S. Bank Whig-, who had been 

nominated with Harrison to unite both 

wings of the party. 
Congress enacted a Charter for a U. S. Bank, 

but the President vetoed the bill. 
1842, the Ashburton Treaty settled dispute of 

boundary of Maine. 
Insurrection broke out in Rhode Island, under 

leadership of Thomas Dorr, which was 

ended by the adoption of a New Constitution. 
1844, the Anti-Rent troubles broke out in New 

York. 
The Mormon troubles broke out in Illinois. 
The Annexation of the Republic of Texas was 

agitated during this administration. 



62 

LXII. — Administration of James K. Polk. 

Born in North Carolina. Inaugurated March 
4th, 1845 ; served 4 years. 

Democrats favored annexation of Texas — 
Whigs opposed. 

1845, Texas, which had maintained her indepen- 
dence of Mexico since 1836, was annexed to 
the United States. This resulted in a War 
with Mexico, which began with an engage- 
ment April 24th, 1846, and ended in capture 
of City of Mexico, September 14th, 1847. 

1846, Gen. Zachary Taylor was sent with an 
Army of Occupation to the disputed 
territory between the rivers Nueces and 
Rio Grande. 

Gen. Stephen W. Kearney was sent with a 
force to occupy New Mexico and take 
California. Col. John C. Fremont being on 
an exploring expedition in the Rocky 
Mountains, rallied .the frontiersmen and 
seized California. 

1847, Gen. Winfield Scott was sent with an 
army of 12,000 men, to operate from Vera 
Cruz against the City of Mexico. 

1848, Feb. 2d, Treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo 
was signed by Nicholas Trist, U. S. Com- 
missioner. 

Gold was discovered at Suter's Mill on the 
Sacramento River. 



63 

LXllL— Causes and Results of Mexican War, 

Causes— 1st, Natural Saxon greed for territory. 

2d, Desire of Slave States to extend area 
of Slavery. 

3d, Admission of Texas to the Union. 

4th, Dispute about boundary between Texas 
and Mexico. 

5th, The Army being sent to occupy dis- 
puted territory. 

6th, Mexicans attacked a scouting party 
under Captain Thornton, within the dis- 
puted territory. 

7th, Mexicans in large force entered dis- 
puted territory, and were met by Taylor's 
army at Palo Alto and Resaca de la 
Palmas. 
May 23d, 1846, Mexico formally declared war. 
Results— The United States invaded Mexico 
from the Rio Grande, from Vera Cruz, 
and from the North. 

The Mexicans were defeated in every engage- 
ment, and City of Mexico was captured 
September 13-14, 1847. 

By Treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, the 
United States acquired California, New 
Mexico and Nevada, a part of Colorado 
and Arizona, paying Mexico $15,000,000, 
and assuming the debts due from Mexico 
to Citizens of thQ United States, amount- 
ing to $3,000,000. 



64 



LXIV. — Mexican War. 



1846. 








May 


F't Brown bombarded 


Maj. Brown 




" 8 


Palo Alto 


Taylor 


Arista 


" 9 


Resaca de las Palmas 


<< 


<( 


Aug. 18 


Santa Fe captured 


Kearney 




Sept. 24 


Monterey 


Taylor 


Ampudia 


Dec. 25 


Bracito 


Doniphan 


Ponce de Leon 


1847. 








Feb. 28 


Sacramento 


<( 


Trias 


" 23 


Buena Vista 


Taylor 


Santa Anna 


Mar. 27 


Vera Cruz bombarded 


Scott 


Morales 


Apr. 18 


Cerro Gordo 


<( 


Santa Anna 


" 19 


Perote Castle Jalapa 


(( 


No defense 


May 25 


Puebla occupied 


(( 


t( (( 


Aug. 20 


Contreras 


Twiggs 
Worth 


Valencia 


'* 20 


San Antonio 


No defense 


" 20 


Cherubusco 


Pillow 


Santa Anna 


Sept. 8 


Molino del Rey 


Worth 


<( (( 


" 13 


Chapultepec 

San Cosino Belen Gate 


Quitman 
Pillow 


Bravo 


" 13 


Scott 


Santa Anna 


a 14 


City of Mexico 


(< 


Abandoned it 


Oct. 9 


Huamantla 


Lane 


Santa Anna 


" 12 


Puebla, siege of 


Childs 





The United States troops were invariably vic- 
torious. 



65 



LXV. — The Navy in Mexican War, 

Mexico had no naval force and little external 
commerce, and the U. S. Navy had little 
more service than in capturing* a few un- 
garrisoned ports on the Gulf of Mexico and 
the coast of California. 

Sailors and Marines were landed and held the 
captured places, and by so much co-oper- 
ated with the Army in the conquest of the 
country. 

A fleet under Com. Sloat was sent to the Pacific 
and captured the ports of Monterey, San 
Francisco and Los Ang-eles, and with the 
very small army effected the conquest of 
California. 

Com. Sloat was afterwards relieved by Com. 
Stockton. 

A fleet under Com. Conner operated in the Gulf 
of Mexico, and captured the ports of 
Tampico, Tobasco and Tuspan. 

He assisted materially in the attack on the 
Castle of San Juan d' Ulloa at Vera Cruz. 

Com. Conner was afterwards relieved by Com. 
Perry. 



66 



LXVI. — Admin, of Zachary Taylor, 

Born in Virginia. Inaugurated Marcn 5th, 
1849 ; served 1 year, 4 months, 5 days. 

President Taylor advised the people of Cali- 
fornia to organize for admission as a State 
into the Union. 

They framed a Constitution prohibiting Slavery. 
This re-opened the Slavery agitation as 
settled in 1820 by the Missouri compromise. 

Under the leadership of Henry Clay the 
Omnibus Bill proposed — 

1st, Admission of California as a free State. 

2d, Consent to form four States out of Texas, 
the question of Slavery to be decided by the 
people. 

3d, Organizing Territories of New Mexico and 
Utah without mentioning Slavery. 

4th, Establishing boundary between New Mex- 
ico and Texas. United States paying 
Texas $10,000,000 for all claims. 

5th, Enactment of a Fugitive Slave Law. 

6th, Abolition of Slave Trade in District of 
Columbia. 

While this bill was under discussion, President 
Taylor died, and Vice-President Millard 
Fillmore became President. 



67 



hXVll.— Admin, of Millard Fillmore. 

Born in New York. Inaugurated July 9th, 
1850 ; served 2 years, 7 months, 26 days. 

The Omnibus Bill was passed September 18th, 
1850, and has been known as the Compro- 
mise of 1850. 

1850, A series of filibuster expeditions for the 
annexation or independence of Cuba began. 

1851, Gen. Lopez and his principal followers 
were captured, taken to Havana and exe- 
cuted. 

1852, Dispute about Newfoundland fisheries 
arose between Great Britain and the United 
States. 

1852, Kossuth visited United States to plead 
the cause of Hungary. 

The Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John 
Franklin was sent to the Arctic ocean. 

1853, The Kane expedition was sent out for the 
same purpose. 

The Compromise of 1850 re-opened the slavery 
discussion with increasing bitterness, and 
formed the groundwork of all the subse- 
quent contests, which developed succes- 
sively into Kansas border warfare. Fugitive 
Slave contests, John Brown's raid at Har- 
per's Ferry, and the War of Secession. 



68 

LXVIII. — Admin, of Franklin Pierce, 

Born in New Hampshire. Inaugurated March 
4th, 1853 ; served 4 years. 

1853, The first of several exploring parties 
was sent to find a route for a Pacific Rail- 
road, The boundary dispute between New 
Mexico and Chihuahua was settled by 
United States purchasing a strip of Arizona 
known as the **The Gadsden Purchase." 
It was expected that the United States 
would thereby acquire an entrance to the 
Gulf of California. 

Commodore Perry concluded a treaty with 
Japan, opening her ports to commerce with 
Christian Nations. 

1854, Stephen A. Douglas proposed to organ- 
ise Kansas and Nebraska as territories, 
leaving the question of slavery to the set- 
tlers, giving rise to what is known as 
"Squatter Sovereignty." 

1854, The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed and 
was regarded as a repeal of the Missouri 
compromise. The settlers organized two 
governments ; the Free State party at 
Topeka, and the Pro-Slavery party at Le- 
compton. 

This promoted the disruption of old political 
parties and developed into being the Re- 
publican Party. 



69 

LXIX. — Admin, of James Buchanan. 

Born in Pennsylvania. Inaugurated March 4th, 
1857 ; served 4 years. 

1857, The attempt of the United States to exer- 
cise its authority over Utah brought on an 
insurrection known as the '' Mormon War." 
A force of 2500 men under Col. A. S. John- 
ston was sent to enforce the law. 

1858, An American fleet was sent to Paraguay 
to obtain satisfaction for an insult to the flag. 

1858, The first telegraphic cable across the 
Atlantic Ocean, from Trinity Bay, New- 
foundland, to Valencia Bay, Ireland, was 
completed. 

The U. S. Supreme Court delivered the *^Dred 
Scott " decision, " That negroes are not and 
cannot become citizens." 

Personal Liberty Bills were enacted in several 
States. 

1859, John Brown organized a party to raise an 
insurrection in Virginia and seized the U.S. 
Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was cap- 
tured, tried and executed. 

1860, Abraham Lincoln, Republican, was elected 
President. 

A Convention in South Carolina December 17th 
declared the Union dissolved. 

1861, February 4th, The Confederate States of 
America was organized at Montgomery, 
Alabama. 

See OXIL 



70 

LXX. — Admin, of Abraham Lincoln. 

Born in Kentucky. Inaugurated March 4th, 
1861 ; served 4 j^ears, 1 month, 10 days. 

1861, The Secession of South Carolina in 1860 
was followed by that of Mississippi, Ala- 
bama, Florida, Georg-ia, and Louisiana, in 
Januar}^, 1861, and of Texas, in February, 
1861. 

Jefferson Davis was chosen President, and 
Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President, of 
Confederate States of America. 

President Lincoln, in his Inaugural Address, 
disavowed any purpose to interfere with 
Slavery as it existed, but proclaimed his 
duty **to hold, occupy, and possess the 
places and property " belonging to the 
United States Government in the South. 

Major Robert Anderson, United States Artil- 
lery, with 79 men, garrisoned the forts in 
Charleston Harbor. 

United States Government sent the Star of the 
West with re-inforcements and supplies for 
Anderson, but she was fired on and driven 
off in January, 1861. 

April 12th, 1861, the War of the Secession was 
begun by firing on Fort Sumter, in Char- 
leston Harbor, and was ended, April 9th, 
1865, with the Surrender of the Confeder- 
ate Army in Virginia. 



71 



Destruction and Reconstriwtion. 

Secession had become, for the time, an accom- 
plished fact. 
The Slave States had earnestly entered upon 
the work of destruction, for which their 
people had, by 30 years of idleness, extrava- 
gance and debt, with attendant ignorance 
and lawlessness, become fully prepared. 
The Free States, in their industry, frugality and 
enlightenment, with attendant prosperity 
and comfort, could not understand the crisis 
and were unprepared for it. 
Amidst the fanatical yell for disunion and the 
equally fanatical shriek for vengeance, the 
voice of the patriot and the statesman could 
only be heard in their one cry for Union, 
Union, Union. 
The President, with the gift of inspiration, made 
Union the refrain of all his work, and, wher- 
ever his voice could be heard, the people 
rallied loyally to his support in defending 
the Constitution and restoring the Union. 



72 



LXXI. — General Causes of War of Secession, 

Existence of Negro Slavery. 
1st, Slavery was profitable in cultivating* cot- 
ton in the South, but was not profitable in 
the North, where soil, climate and products 
encouraged individual industr3\ 

2d, The Slavery interests fell into the hands of 
The Few, who became dominating, idle, ex- 
travagant and fanactical, as to the merits 
of Slavery. 

3d, The people of the North abolished Slavery, 
and in the individual pursuit of wealth 
were subordinate, industrious, frugal, and 
fanactical as to the sins of Slaver3\ 

4th, The South being agricultural, wanted Free 
Trade in articles of domestic use. The 
North engaging largely in manufactures 
and commerce wanted protection for in- 
dustries, which thereb}^ brought greater 
profits. 

The antagonisms engendered by sectional in- 
terests were sedulously cultivated by aspir- 
ing politicians, and reached the political 
climax in W. H. Seward's declaration of 
the Irrepressihle Conflict. 



73 



LXXII. — Special Causes of Wa?' of Secession, 

1st, The Protection extended to Slavery interests 
under the Constitution. Art. I, Sec. 9. 

2d, The teachings of J. C. Calhoun, and the S. C. 
School in the Nullification agitation of 1832. 

3d, The bitterness engendered by the strife for 
sectional political predominance. 

4th, The Anti-Slavery agitation conducted by 
Wm. lAoyd Garrison, Arthur Tappan and 
Wendell Phillips. 

5th, The escape of Slaves into free States and 
Canada, and the efforts to recapture the 
runawa^^s. 

6th, The United States Government enforcing 
the Fugitive Slave Law in the special 
interest of slavery. 

7th, Annexation of Texas, thereby extending 
the area of Slavery. 

8th, Formation of the Republican Party in op- 
position to the extension of Slavery. 

9th, Kansas Border War for the extension of 
Slaver3\ 

10th, John Brown's attempt to raise a Slave 
insurrection in Virginia, and his execution. 

11th, Election of Abraham Lincoln as President. 



74 

LXXIII. — PoliVl Events. — War of Secession. 

18U1, Ordinances of Secession were passed by 
Virginia, April llth ; by Arkansas, May 
6th ; by North Carolina, May 20th ; by Ten- 
nessee, June 8th. 

The Seat of Confederate Government was 
removed from Montgomery, Ala., to Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Assemblies of influential citizens of the bor- 
der States w^ere held in the interest of peace, 
but without result. 

November 8th, Mason & Slidell, Confederate 
Commissioners to Europe, were taken from 
Br. Steamer Trent , but were afterwards de- 
livered up to Great Britain. 

Archbishop Hughes and Mr. Thurlow Weed 
were sent as Commissioners to European 
States. 

Congress passed Acts freeing Slaves used for 
Military work ; forbidding return of fugitive 
Slaves ; setting all fugitive Slaves free ; 
providing for enlisting negroes, who there- 
by obtained freedom for themselves and 
families. 

1863, January 1st, Proclamation of Emancipa- 
tion was issued. 

Congress passed Act for drafting Soldiers. 

1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected, and 
18()5, March 4th, was inaugurated. 

President Lincoln was assassinated by J. 
Wilkes Booth, at Ford^s Theatre, April 
14th, 1865. 



75 

LXXIV. — General Plan of War of Secession. 

The South (Confederate States of America) 
selected — 

1st, Three points of land defense, viz., one in 
Virginia, defending Richmond and threat- 
ening Washington ; one in Louisiania, hold- 
ing mouth of Mississippi River ; one in 
Kentucky and Tennessee, between Cumber- 
land and Tennessee Rivers. 

2d, Provided for defense of her ports by Earth- 
works and Obstructions. 

3d, Agitated politically in the Border States of 
Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. 

-1th, Sought friendly alliances with European 
States. 

The North (United States of America) met 
these — 

1st, By calling in the small scattered Regular 
Army. 

3d, By calling into service of the United States 
75,000 Militia from the Northern States. 

3d, By establishing in Kentucky, West Virginia 
and Missouri, Camps of Instruction, as 
rallying pomts for the loyal people of those 
sections. 

4th, By securing control of Legislatures of 
Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. 

5th, By passing an Act increasing the Regular 
Army. 

6th, By organizing a Volunteer Army, increas- 
ing the Navy, and preparing for a War of 
Subjugation. 



76 

LXXV. — Financial Measures for the War, 

Lincoln's administration be^an with a war on 
hand and an empty treasury ; appealed to 
the country and effected loans for immediate 
use ; called Congress in extra session, which 
passed laws authorizing — 

1st, an issue of Legal Tender notes redeemable 
in gold. Also a paper currency called 
Greenbacks, guaranteed by the United 
States. These, before the close of the war 
depreciated to about 35 per cent of gold 
value. 

2d, A postal or fractional currency redeemable 
in greenbacks. 

3d, An issue of 5-20 years, 6 per cent gold 
bonds. 

4th, An issue of 10-40 years, 5 per cent gold 
bonds. 

5th, An issue of 6 per cent compound interest 
notes. 

6th, An issue of 1^ per cent coupon bonds. 

7 th, An issue of certificates of indebtedness 
convertible into 5-20s. 

8th, An issue of currency 6 per cent bonds. 

9th, National Banks, whose circulation was 
secured by deposit of United States bonds. 

10th, Revised and enlarged the sources of taxa- 
tion. 



77 



LXXVI. — Taxation for Prosecution of the 
War. 

Custom duties were imposed upon every article 
of import to an extent making importation 
almost prohibitory. 

A Bureau of Internal Revenue was established 
whereby enormous sums were collected 
from — 

1st, A tax upon all Spirituous and Malt liquors. 

2d, A tax upon the growth and manufacture of 
tobacco. 

3d, A tax upon all Proprietary articles. 

4th, A tax upon all manufactures. 

5th, A tax upon many occupations. 

6th, A tax upon most incomes. 

7th, A tax upon all legal documents. 

8th, A tax upon all evidences of transactions. 

9th, A tax upon all successions, transfers or 
inheritances of property. 

10th, A tax upon all business receipts, bank 
checks, etc. 

After a brief period and when the skill in adjust- 
ing taxation had matured, most of these 
taxes were collected by sale of Stamps, a 
submissive acceptance of the very evil which 
was vigorously used to promote the Rebel- 
lion of the Colonies. 



78 

LXXVII. — Depots of Army Supplies. 

Army supplies were g-enerally purchased by 
contract in the larg-er Connnercial Cities, 
viz., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, Cincinnati, Chicago, Louisville 
and St Louis. 

Depots were established in rear of the 
principal lines of operations, but, as the 
armies advanced, depots for issue were 
pushed forward immediately in rear of 
the advancing" column. 

The Principal Depots were established at — 

1st, Washington, D. C, Alexandria, White 
House, Fort Monroe and City Point in 
Virginia, to supply the Army of the 
Potomac, and co-operating armies. 

2d, Cincinnati, 0., for troops in West Virginia 
and Eastern Kentucky. 

3d, Louisville, Ky., for troops operating against 
Nashville. 
Nashville, Tenn., for troops operating against 

Chattanooga. 
Chattanooga, for troops operating against 
Atlanta. 

4th, St. Louis, Mo., for operations west of Mis- 
sissippi River, Cairo, Ills., and Memphis, 
Tenn., along the Mississippi River. 

5th, Newbern, N. C. and Hilton Head, along the 
South Atlantic coast. 

6th, New Orleans, La., for operations in 
Louisiana and Mississippi. 



79 



Many partial, immature and inaccurate His- 
tories '% *' School Histories", Books and 
Stories of this war have been published. 

Most of these agree in the incontestable facts of 
the important battles, commanders and re- 
sults, but in the details of the campaigns, 
few tell many truths and many tell but very 
partial truths. 

Campaigns are described with a bias of self-inter- 
est ; plans are judged with partizan preju- 
dice ; motives are manufactured with jealous 
envy, and non-producing credit is studiously 
or ignorantly withheld, but the dates, the 
names and the actions remain. 

It has seemed to be better for the purposes of 
this book, that the account of the war be 
limited to a Tabulated Statement of each 
year's important actions, arranged essen- 
tially according to the Several Bases of Sup- 
plies. 



80 



LXXVIII. — Important Engagements of 1861. 

April 12tli, Fort Sumter was bombarded and 
surrendered. 

April 19, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania mil- 
itia, en-route to the Capital, were attacked 
in the streets of Baltimore. 



Va. 








June 10 


Big Bethel 


Pierce 


3Iagruder 


July 18 


Blackburn's Ford 


Tyler 


Beauregard 


" 21 


1st Bull Run 

(Manassas) 


McDowell 


Beauregard 


Oct. 21 


Ball's Bluff 


Baker 


Evans 


W. Va. 








June 3 


Philippi 


Morris, T. A, 


Porterfield 


July 11 


Rich Mountain 


Rosecrans 


Pegram 


Sep. 10 


Carnifix Ferry 


Rosecrans 


Floyd 


Oct. 3 


Green Brier 


Reynolds J. J. 


Lee, R. E. 


Dec. 13 

Mo. 
May 10 


Buffalo Mt. 


Milroy 


Johnston J. E. 


Camp Jackson 


Lyon 


Frost 


June 10 


BOONEVILLE 


Lyon 


Marmaduke 


Aug. 10 


Wilson Creek 


Lyon 


McCullough 


Sep. 20 


Lexington 


Mulligan 


Price 


Oct. 20 


Frederickton 


Carlin 


Thompson 


Kov. 7 


Belmont 


Grant 


Cheatham 



81 

LXXIX.— iVai^ai Operations of 1861. 

April 19, President ordered blockade of Southerx 
ports. 

May 3, C. S. Ship Savannah captured by U. S. 
Brig Perry. 

May 31, U. S. Gunboats attacked Confederate 
batteries at mouth of Aquia Creek. 

June 29, U. S. Ship St. Nicholas was captured 
on Potomac River. 

August 5, U. S. Ship Vincennes burned C. S. 
Ship Alvarado. 

August 23, U. S. Ships Yankee and Release en- 
gaged the batteries at mouth of Potomac 
Creek. 

August 29, Fleet under Com. Stringham, con- 
voying an expedition, captured Forts at 
Hatteras Inlet, N. C. 

September 14, Boats from U. S. Squadron attack 
Pensacola Navy Yard and burn C. S. Ship 
Judah. 

October 6, U. S. Ship Flag captured C. S. 
Schooner Alert. 

November 7, Fleet under Com. Dupont, convoy- 
ing expedition, capture Forts Beauregard 
and Walker, at Hilton Head, S. C. 

November 9, Crew of U. S. Ship Saranac cap- 
tured C. S. Ship City of Brantford. 

November 23, U. S. Fleet bombard Confederate 
works at Pensacola, Fla. 

December 3d, Fleet convoyed expedition to Ship 
Island and blockaded the passes of Mis- 
sissippi River. 



LXXX.—Army of Potomac, 1862. 

Qen. G. B. McClellan was assigned to command 
in the East, and organized the Army of 
the Potomac. 

March 17, He moved Army of Potomac to 
Yorktown Peninsula. 



May 3 


Yorktown 


McClellan 


Magruder 


" 5 


Williamsburg 


McClellan 


Johnston, J. E. 


" 7 


West Point 


Franklin 


Whiting 


" 31 


Seven Pines 


McClellan 


Johnston 


June 1 


Fair Oaks 


McClellan 


Smith, G. W. 



Confederate Gen. T. J. Jackson was sent with a 
force to threaten Washington, and the 
forces of Fremont, Banks and McDowell 
were placed under command of Maj. Gen^l 
John Pope. 



June 26 


Mechanicsville 


Porter, F. J. |Lee 


'' 27-8 


Gaines' Mill 


McClellan 


Lee 


29 


Savage's Station 


McClellan 


Lee 


30 


White Oak Swamp 


McClellan 


Lee 


July 1 


Malvern Hill 


McClellan 


Jackson, T. J. 



A large part of Army of Potomac was sent to 
re-inforce Army of Northern Virginia un- 
der Pope, and took part in the second battle 
of Bull Run. 



Sept. 14 

" 16 

Dec. 13 



South Mountain 

Antietam 

Fredericksburg 



Franklin 

McClellan 

Bumside 



Lee 
Lee 
Lee 



83 



hXXXl.— Other Operations in Va. in 1863. 

When Army of Potomac moved to the Penin- 
sula, Fremont was left with a force to 
occupy the gaps of the Blue Ridge, Banks 
with a force to occupy the Shenandoah 
Valley, and McDowell with a force in front 
of Washington, to move to support of 
McClellan. 

Confederate General Jackson moved rapidly 
from in front of Richmond, attacked and 
defeated the armies of Banks and Fremont 
and rejoined Lee. 



March 23 


Winchester 


May 8 


McDowell 


25 


Winchester 


June 8 


Cross Keys 



Shields 
Milroy 
Banks 
Fremont 



Ashby 
Jackson 
Jackson 
Jackson 



General Pope's army of Northern Virginia was 
attacked by Lee, after defeat of McClellan 
on the Peninsula. 



Aug. 9 


Cedar Mountain 


McDowell 


Jackson 


♦* 29 


Groveton 


Pope 


Jackson 


" 30 


2d Bull Run 


Pope 


Lee 


Sept. 1 


Chantilly 


Pope 


Jackson 



Sept. 4, McClellan resumes command Army of 
Potomac. 



Sept. 12 I Harper's Ferry | White 



I Jackson 



November 5, Burnside is placed in command 
Army of Potomac. 



84 

liKKXll.— Operations from Louisville , Ky., 
1862. 

Gen'l D. C. Buell was assigned to command 
forces operating" in Kentucky. The troops 
in Eastern Kentucky were ordered to Louis- 
ville, and large re-inforcements were sent 
from the Northwestern States. 

Jan'y 19 | Mi ll Spring j Thomas, G. H. \ Crittenden 

February 23, Nashville, Tenn., occupied by 
BuelPs forces. 

April 11, Huntsville, Ala., occupied by Buell's 
forces. 

April 29, Reconnaissance made to Cumberland 
Gap. 

June 7, Reconnaissance made to Chattanooga, 
Tenn. 

Bragg began movement against Louisville, 
driving in outlying bodies of Buell's arm}^ 
towards Nashville, while Kirby Smith 
moved through Cumberland Gap, and For- 
rest moved from West Tennessee, and 
Morgan from Middle Tennessee, raiding 
through the State, attacking small posts. 

Buell, leaving a garrison in Nashville, moved 
his remaining forces to Louisville, re-organ- 
ized his re-inforced army and moved out to 
meet Bragg. 

Aug. 30 I Richmond, Ky. | Manson | Kirby Smith 

September 17, Cumberland Gap evacuated by 
Gen. G. W. Morgan. 



Oct. 8 
Dec. 31 



Perryville 
Stone River 



Buell 
Bosecrmis 



Bragg 
Braers" 



85 



hXXXlll.— Operations from St. Louis, 1863. 

Gen. H. W. Halleck was assigned to command 
the Department of Missouri. 

On the East of Mississippi River — 



Feb. 6 

" 16 

April 



eShiloh 
Pittsburg Landing 



Sept 19 
Oct. ■ 
Dec. 29 



30 



Fort Heney 
Fort Donelson 



lUKA 

3 Corinth 
Chickesaw Bayou 



Parker's Cross Rd's 



Grant and 

Foote 
Grant and 

Foote 
Grant 
Grant and 

Buell 
Rosecrans 
Eosecrans 
Sherman, 

W. T. 
Sullivan 



Tilg-hman 

Buckner 

Johnston, A. S. 
Beauregard 

Price 
Van Dorn 
Johnston, J. E. 

Forrest 



On the West of Mississippi River — 



Mar. 6 



Pea Ridge 



14 New Madrid, taken Pope 



July 7 
Dec. 7 



April 7 Island No. 10, 



Big Beaver Cr., Mo. 
Prairie Grove, Ark. 



Curtis 



Pope 

Reynolds 

Blunt 



Van Dorn 



Greene 
Hindman 



In New Mexico — 



Feb. 21 


Valverde 


Canby 


Sibley 


Mar. 26 


Apache Canon 


Chivington 




"26-8 


Glorieta 


Slough 


Scurry 


Aug. 7 


Fort Fillmore 


Canby 


Sibley 



86 

LXXXIV.— O^/ier Operations in 1862. 

The Navy shared with the Army in nearly 
all the coast and river expeditions, and per- 
formed conspicuous service with their 
floating batteries, 

February 8, Army under Burnside with fleet 
under Goldsborough captured Roanoke 
Island, N. C. 

March 8, U. S. Ships Cumberland and Co7i- 
gress are sunk in Hampton Roads by Con- 
federate ram Merrimac. 

March 9, The Monitor attacks the Merrimac 
and drives it back disabled to Norfolk. 

March 14, Newbern, N. C, was captured and 
made the base of operations in North 
Carolina. 

April 10-11, Fort Pulaski, Ga., is bombarded 
and taken. 

April 25, Fort Macon, N. C, is bombarded and 
taken. 

April 18-28, Fleet and Mortar boats under 
Farragut bombard and take Forts Jackson 
and St. Philip below New Orleans. 

May 1, New Orleans occupied by Army under 
Butler. 

May 12, Pensacola occupied. 

Dec. 17, Baton Rouge occupied. 

From August to November, Corpus Christi, 
Apalachicola, St. Mary's, Tampa, and 
Lavaca, were bombarded by the Navy. 



87 



LXXXV. — Operations in Virginia, 1863. 

Jan'y 26, Gen'l J. Hooker assigned to command 
Army of Potomac. 



May 1 


Chancellorsville 


Hooker 


Lee 


June 13 


Winchester 


Milroy 


Ewell 


June 9 


Brandy Station >.-• 


Pleasanton 


Stuart 


" 17 


Aldie T^ 


Kilpatrick 


Stuart 


" 31 


Upperville ^^ 


Pleasanton 


Stuart 



June 14, Martinsburg-, W. Va., was occupied 
by Swell's forces. 

June 14, Hagerstowu, Md., was occupied by 
EwelFs forces. 

June 16, Harper's Ferry, W. Va., was invested 
by Ewell's forces. 

June 23, Chamber sburg, Pa., was occupied by 
Swell's forces. 

June 27, Carlisle, Pa., was occupied by Ewell's 
forces. 

June 28, Gen'l G. G. Meade assigned to com- 
mand Army of Potomac. 

July 1-3 I Gettysburg, Pa. | Meade | Lee 

July 6, Williamsport, Md., Cavalry action. 
July 16, Sheppardstown, Va., Cavalry action. 
July 21, Manassas Gap, Va., Cavalry action. 
July 22, Chester Gap, Va., Cavalry action. 



Aug. 26 


Rocky Gap 


Averill 


Jones 


Oct. 14 


Bristol Station 


Warren 


Hill, A. P. 


" 19 


Buckland Mills 


Custer 


Stuart 


Nov. 6 


Droop M't 


Averill 


Echols 


" 26 


Mine Run 


Meade 


Lee 



«8 



LXXXVI.— Oper'ns/rom Louisville, 1863. 



Jan'y 3 


Stone's River (Murfreesb'ro) 


Rosecrans 


Van Dorn 


Mar. 4 


Thompson's Station 


Coburn 


" 20 


Vaught's Hill 


Hall 


Wheeler 


Ap'l 10 


Harpeth Shoals 


Granger 


Van Dorn 


May 11 


Horse Shoe Bend 


Jacobs 


Morgan 


June 24 


MiDDLETON, TeNN. 


Mitchell 


Wheeler 


July 5 


Lebanon, Ky. 


Hanson 


Morgan 



Morgan raided through Kentucky, Indiana and 

Ohio. 
Sept. 19-21 I Chicamauga \ Rosecrans | Bragg 

Oct. 3, McMinnville was taken by Confeder- 
ates. 



Oct. 27 



Brown's Ferry 
Wauhatchie 



Smithy W. F. 
Hooker 



Longstreet 
Longstreet 



Gen'l U.S. Grant in chief command in battles 
of— 



Nov. 


23 


Chattanooga 


Thomas, O. H. 


Bragg 


<( 


24 


Lookout M't 


Hooker 


Bragg 


«( 


25 


Missionary Ridge 


Sherman, W. T. 


Bragg 


<i 


27 


Ringgold, Ga. 


Hooker 


Hardee 



Gen'l Burnside made expedition against Cum- 
berland Gap. 



Mar. 30 | Button's Hills | Gillmore 



I Pegram 



Sept. 9, Cumberland Gap was captured and 

fortified. 
Nov. 29, Fort Sanders, E. Tenn., assaulted by 

Confederates under Longstreet. 



89 



LXXXVII.— Oper'ns around Vicksburg, 1863. 



Jan'y 11 | Ft. Hindman 1 McClernand | Churchil l 

Gen'l Grant moved his army to west bank of 

Mississippi River. 
April 16, Fleet and transports ran the batteries 

at Vicksburg. 

Bowen 



May 1 I Port Gibson | McClernand 



May 3, Grand Gulf occupied by Grant's army. 



May 12iRAYMOND 
" 14 Jackson 
«* 16 Champion Hills 
" 17 Big Black RivebJ 



McPherson 
Sherman^ W. T. 
Orant 
McClernand 



Gregg 

Johnston, J.E 
Pemberton 
Pemberton 



May 18, Siege of Vicksburg- was begun. 

May 21, Investment of Vicksburg was com- 
pleted. 
May 22, Assault of Vicksburg was made. 



June 8 


Milliken's Bend 


Dennis 








(Col. t'p) 


Kirbv Smith 
Pemberton 


July 4 


Vicksburg surrendered 


Orant 


a 4 


Helena taken 


Prentiss 


Marmaduke 


«* 9-16 


Jackson besieged 


Grant 




♦♦ 13 


Yazoo City taken 


Herron 





Gen'l Grant moved a large part of his troops 
to the vicinity of Chattanooga, where at 
the same time the 11th and 12th Corps from 
the Army of the Potomac also arrived in 
September, 



90 



LXXXVIII.— 0^/ier Operations in 1863. 

North Carolina, 

Nothing of importance occurred. 

South Carolina. 

The United States fleet nnder Adm. Dahl- 
gren made several unsuccessful attempts 
against tbe defenses of Cbarlestou. The 
army under Gillmore erected batteries aud 
bombarded the works, and threw shells into 
Charleston with no important result. 

Florida. 

No important work was done. 

From New Orleans. 

Many small engagements took place between 
cotton and sugar hunting parties and small 
bands of Confederates. The important ac- 
tions were — 



Ap'l 13-14 


Bayou Teche 


Banks 




- 15 


Franklin occupied 


<( 




May 27 


Port Hudson besieged 


(i 


Gardner 


June 11 


" invested 


(( 


i( 


July 9 


" " surrendered 


i< 


.( 



Texas. 

Jan'y 1st, Galveston was taken by forces under 

Gen'l Washburn. 
Nov., Fort Esperanza, Mustang Island and 

Brazos captured. 



91 



LXXXIX.— ilfaw Operations in Fa., 1864. 



ARMY OF POTOMAC. 



May 5-7 


Wilderness 


Grant and 
Meade 


Lee - 


8-18 


Spottsylvania 
North Anna River 


<< u 


(< 


" 23-27 


(( <( 


<< 


June 1-12 


Cold Harbor 


(( (( 


(( 


" 15-19 


Petersburg occupied 


i( <( 


(< 


" 22-23 


Weldon R. R. 


<( (< 


<< 


July 1-31 


In front of Petersburg 


il (< 


(( 


30 


The Mine explosion 


Burnside 


<< 


Aug. 1-31 


In trenches of Petersburg 


Grant and 








Meade 


<( 


" 14-18 


Deep Bottom Run 
Six Mile House 


ti (( 


<( 


'♦ 18-21 


Warren 


Pickett 


25 


Ream's Station 


Grant and 
Meade 


Lee 


Sep. 1-30 


In trenches of Petersburg 


ti {< 


<( 


'♦ 29-Oct. 1 


Betvv. P'burg and Rich'd 


<< (< 


<( 


Oct. 26 


Hatcher's Run 


«( i( 


<( 


27 


Fair Oaks 


(( <( 


(( 



ARMY OF JAMES. 



May 16-30 
June 2 



Bermuda Hundreds 
Berm'a H'nd'ds occupied 



Butler 



Beaure- 
gard 



June 15, Army of James merged with Army of 

Potomac. 
These battles had no decisive results further than 

steadily to exhaust the powers of the enemy to 

resist the final result. 



92 



XC. — Collateral Operations in Va.y 1864. 

May 4-16, Kautz moved from Suffolk to City 
Point — Wall Bridge— Stoney Creek — Jar- 
etts — Lynchburg R. R., etc. 

May 9-13, Sheridan moved through Confeder- 
ate lines to Beaver Dam — North Anna — 
South Anna — Ashland — Yellow Tavern. 



May 15 I New Market 



Sigel 



I Breckenridge 



Gen'l Hunter commanded expedition against 
Lynchburg. 



June 5 


Piedmond,W. Va. 


Hunter 




«• 10-11 


Lexington 


" 




" 14 


Buchanan 


<( 




" 18 


Lynchburg 


(( 





In July, Confederate Gen'l Early demonstrated 
against Washington. 



July 9 


Monocacy 


Wallace 


Early 


- 12 


Fort Stevens 


Augur 




•' 20 


Winchester 


Averill 




" 23 


Kernstown 


Crook 




" 24 


Winchester 


(< 




Aug. 21 


Summit Point 


Sheridan 




Sept. 19 


Opequan 


Sheridan 




•♦ 22 


Fisher's Hill 


<( 




Oct. 9 


Strasburg 


11 


Rosser 


" 19 


Cedar Creek 


(( 


Early 



(Confederates were at first successful but at last 
defeated.) 



98 



XCI. — Operations from Chattanooga^ 1864. 




French 



The Confederates were habitually defeated and 
forced to retreat. 



94 



XCn. —JVom Atlanta.— In Miss., Arh, Mo., 
Gen'l G. H. Thomas with a force followed Hood. 



Nov. 24-28 Columbia, Tenn. 



*' 30 
Dec. 15-16 



Franklin, 
Nashville, 



Thomas 

Schofield 

Thomas 



Hood 
Hood 



Gen'l Sherman filled his supply trains and 
abandoned Atlanta. 



Dec. 13 
" 21 



Fort McAllister 
Savannah taken 



Hazen 
Sherman 



Hardee 



In Mississippi, to destroy railroad connections. 
Feb. 3 to Mar. 5, from Vicksburg to Meridian, 
under Sherman. 

Feb. 10-25, from Memphis, co-operating", under 
Smith, W. S. 



June 10 I Guntown, Miss. 
July 13 i Tupelo, Miss. 



Sturgis 
Smith, W. S. 



Kirhy Smith 
Forrest 



In Arkansas. 



April 10-13 I Prairie d'Ann 
*• 30 I Jenkin's Ferry 



Steele 



Marmaduke 
Fagan 



In Missouri. (Price's invasion, Sept. 24 to 
Oct. 28.) 



Sept. 27 


Pilot Knob 


Ewing 


Price 


" 30 


Harrison 


a 


(< 


Oct. 19 


Lexington 


Blunt 


Price 


" 22 


Independence 


Pleasardon 


Fagan 


" 26 


Mine Creek 


(( 


Price 


♦♦ 30 


Newtonia 


Blunt 


i< 



w 



XCm. —Jn La,, Ala., Fla., N. C, 1864. 
In Ltouisiana, (Red River Expedition.) 



Mar. 


15 


<( 


22 


i« 


19 


Ap'l 


2 


ii 


8 


«( 


9 


(< 


23 



Fort DeRussy taken 
Hutchison's Mills 
Nachitoche 
Crump's Hill 
Sabine Cross Roads 
Pleasant Hills 
Cane River 



Smith, A. J. 

Mower 

Banks 

Banks 
Banks 
Smith, A. J. 



Taylor 

Lee, S. D. 
Taylor 
Kirby Smith 
Taylor 



In Alabama. (Mobile Harbor.) 
Feb. 25, Fort PoweU bombarded. 



Aug. 8 
" 23 



Fort Gaines taken I Adm'l Farragut | Maury 
Fort Morgan taken i " I ** 



In Florida. 



Feb. 20 I 



Olustee 



Seymour | Finnegan 



In South Carolina, nothing important occurred. 
In North Carolina. 



Feb. 1 


Bachelor's Creek 


Palmer, I. N. 


Fickett 


3 


Newbern 


Foster 


Pickett 


Ap'l 17-20 


Plymouth 


Wessels 


Hoke 


Nov. 30 


Honey Hill 


Foster 


Smith, G. W. 


Dec. 25 


Fort Fisher (first) 


Butler 


Whiting 



Oct. 7, Confederate Ram Albemarle destroyed 
by Lieut. Gushing, U. S. N. 



96 



XCIY.— Operations in '' The Carolinas,'^ 1865. 

J an. 15 I Ft. Fisher taken | Terry \ Hoke 
Gen'l Schofield with 23d Corps moved to N. C. 



Feb. 19 


Ft. Anderson 


Schofield 


Hoke 


" 23 


Wilmington, N. C. 


a 


Bragg 


Mar. 10 


Monroe's Cross Roads 


<( 




" 11 


Kingston, N. C. 


Cox 


Hoke 



Mar. 10, Fayetteville, N. C, occupied by Scho- 
field's forces. 

Gen'l Sherman moved North from Savannah. 



Feb. 4 


River's Bridge 


Sherman 


Wheeler 


•• 9 


South Edisto 


Blair 


<( 


♦' 12 


North * ' 


<( 


<< 


" 15 


Congaree Creek 


Logan 


(< 



Feb. 17, Columbia, S. C, occupied by Sher- 
man's forces. 

Feb. 18, Charleston occupied and the forts 
surrendered. 



Mar. 16 
" 19 



averyboro', n. c. 
Bentonville, N. C. 



Sherman \ Hardee 

Johnston, J. E. 



Mar. 21, Goldsboro' occupied by Sherman's 
forces. 

April 14, President Lincoln was assassinated. 
April 26, Gen'l J. E. Johnston surrenders his 
{, army to Gen'l W. T. Sherman near Dur- 
ham's Station, N. C. 



97 



XCV. — In Virginia and in The Westy 1866. 
In Virginia, 
Feb. 5-7 I Hatcher's Run | Grant and Meade \ Lee 

Feb. 27 to Mar. 25, Sheridan raided into South- 
western Va. 



Mar. 25 


Fort Steadman 


Meade 


Gordon 


" 29 


Gravelly Run 


Sheridan 


Johnston 


" 81 


BoYDTON Road 


it 


Lee 


Ap'l 1 


Five Forks 


ft 


«( 


" 3 


Petersburg taken 


Grant 


(( 


" 6 


Sailor's Creek 


Sheridan 


<< 


" 9 


Appomattox C. H. 


Grant 


it 



Gen'l R. E. Lee surrenders his army to Gen'l 
U. S. Grant. 

In The West, 

Gen'l J. H. Wilson started with 15,000 Cavalry 
from Nashville, Tenn., to raid to Selma, 
Montgomerj^ Mobile, Alabama. 



Ap'l 8 
" 9 
" 9 



Spanish Fort, Mobile 
Mobile surrendered 
Fort Blakeley captured 



Canby 
Crosby 



Gibson 
Maury 
Lidell 



May 1, John Morgan surrendered at Mt. Sterl- 
ing, Ky. 

May 4, Richard Taylor surrendered at Citron- 
elle, Ala. 

May 10, Jefferson Davis was captured at Irwins- 
ville, Ga. 

May 26, Kirby Smith surrendered at New Or- 
leans. 



XCVL— Confederate Raids, 1861-65. 

A raid is a rapid movement of Cavaliy with 
perhaps Horse Artillery, generally made 
ag-ainst the enemy's communications pre- 
viously to or during the advance of the 
main force. 

It is distinguished from an expedition in that 
its movements are more rapid, and the 
latter embraces I nfantr3^ and Field Artillery 
in its organization, although the general 
objects of a raid and an expedition be the 
same. 

Confederate raids — 

June, 1862, Gen'l J. E. B. Stuart in Virginia. 
July, " " John Morgan in Kentucky. 

April, 1863, Col. Mosby in Virginia. 
June, " Gen'l J.E.B. Stuart in Md.and Pa. 
July, ** " John Morgan in Ky., Ind. 

and Ohio. Was captured at New Lisbon, O. 
Jan'y, 1864, Gen'l Wirt Adams in Miss. 
June, ** ** John Morgan in Kentucky. 

Aug., " " N. B. Forrest in W. Tenn. 

and W. Ky. 
Sept., 1864, Gen'l Jos. Wheeler in Mid. Tenn. 

« " ** J. A. Early in Md. and Pa. 



99 



XCYIL— Raids by Union Troops, 1861-65. 

May, 1863, Many raids against Mobile and 
Ohio R. R. 

April, 1863, Gen'l Geo. Stoneman in Virginia. 
" Col. A. D. Streight in Ala. and Ga. 
** ** Gen'l B.H.GriersoninMiss.andLa. 
July, 1863, ** Potter in North Carolina. 
Aug., '' ** W. W. Averill in W. Va. 

Dec, " " W. W. Averill in South- 

western Va. 
May, 1864, Gen'l A. V. Kautz in S. Va. 

'* ** P. H. Sheridan in C. Va. 

June, " ** J. H. Wilson in N. Va. 

July, " *' L. H. Rousseau in Georgia. 

" *' E. D. McCook in Georgia. 

** ** *' Geo. Stoneman in Georgia. 

Aug., '* '* Judson Kilpatrick in Geo. 

Dec, ** " in N. Va. 

** " " Geo. Stoneman in South- 

western Va. 
Feb'y, 1865, Gen'l P. H. Sheridan in W. Va. 

" '* " do. do. 

April, ** " Geo. Stoneman in N. C. 

*' '* *' J. H.Wilson through Term., 

Georgia and Alabama. 

LofC. 



100 

XCVIII.— Z7. S. Navy. War of Secession, 

The War of Secession found the U. S. Navy 
with few ships in condition for the great 
service required. Its duties were chiefly 
blockading Southern ports, convoying mil- 
itary expeditions, and policing internal 
waters. 

Merchant steamers were purchased and fitted 
for war. River steamboats were purchased 
and plated. New war ships were built, and 
iron-clad vessels of Monitor class were built 
for river and harbor service, and Mortar 
fleets for special service. 

The Regular Navy was increased and a volun- 
teer Navy was organized. 

Com. Stringham with fleet operated against 
Hatteras Inlet. 

Com. Foote with fleet operated against Fort 
Henry and Memphis. 

Com. Dupont with fleet operated against Char- 
leston. 

Admiral Farragut with fleet operated against 
New Orleans and Mobile. 

Admiral Porter with fleet operated against 
Vicksburg. 

Admiral Dahlgren with fleet operated against 
Charleston. 

Admiral Porter with fleet operated against 
Fort Fisher, N. C. 

At close of the War the Navy embraced 51,000 
men, 816 vessels of all classes, 



101 

XCJX.— Confederate Navy, 

The Confederate States made little preparation 
for naval operations. 

The Norfolk Navy Yard was utilized as far as 
possible, but was captured in 1862. 

The same may be said of Pensacola Navy Yard. 

In Albemarle Sound efforts were made to fit 
out a naval force, but ended with the de- 
struction of the Albemarle. 

On the Yazoo, several heavily plated river steam- 
boats were prepared to interfere with the 
operations around Vicksburg. 

A few armed ships escaped from Southern 
ports, and several were fitted out m ports 
of Great Britain. 

1861 The Savannah was sunk off Charleston. 
The Petrel was sunk off Charleston. 

1862, The Virginia {Merrimac) at Norfolk. 
The Florida and Alabama sailed from British 

ports. . 

1863, The Atlanta was sunk at mouth of 
Savannah River. ,^ , a 

The Nashville was sunk at mouth of bavan- 
nah River. 

The Georgia was captured oft coast ot Por- 
tugal . 

1864, The Alabama was sunk off coast or 
France. 

The Florida was captured at Bahia, Brazil. 



102 
C. — Results of War of Secession. 

1. Emancipation of Slaves by *' military neces- 

sity." 

2. Final defeat or surrender of all Confederate 

armies. 

3. Complete political and financial collapse of 

all seceding States. 

4. An expense to United States of 5,000 mil- 

lions of dollars. 

5. In 1876 an unpaid balance of war debt 

amounting to 2,000 millions of dollars or 
about the value of Slaves set free. 

6. 2,000 millions of Slave property set free. 

2,000 millions of Bonds imposed. 

7. Poverty, imposed upon the South, develops 

industry and virtue among the people. 
Wealth, apparently acquired by the North, 
develops idleness and crime among the 
people. 

8. A political dispensation that has paralyzed 

external commerce, fattened on internal 
commerce and subsidized manufactures. 

9. 13th Amendment, abolishing Slavery. 

10. 14th " prescribing Civil Rights. 

11. 15th " " Political " 



108 



CI. — Aids to the Conduct of the War. 

U, S, Sanitary Commission, organized June 
9, 1861. In April, 1861, Associations were 
first formed in Bridgeport, Conn., Lowell, 
Mass., Cleveland, O., and New York City, 
to furnish relief to the sick and wounded 
soldiers and to contribute to the comfort 
and sanitation of all. 
$5,000,000 and vast quantities of supplies were 
collected and distributed from the principal 
depots, Washington, D. C, in the East, 
and Louisville, Ky., in the West. 

Christian Commission ^ organized in New 
York, November 14, 1861. Had a similar 
purpose, and supplemented harmoniously 
the work of the Sanitary Commission. 

Committee on the Conduct of the War, 

A Committee created by Congress and 
composed of members especially earnest, 
who, under its granted powers, summoned 
ad libitum, witnesses to testify — A Politi- 
cal Inquisition. 

Freedmen's Bureau, organized May 12, 1865. 
Previous to the organization of the Bureau, 
the care and protection of the freed people 
were assumed by local military commanders. 



104 



on,— Military Prisons of United Staies, 

Revolutionary War, 1776-83. 

United States held but few prisoners, ex- 
changing* them soon as possible. 
British used the hulks of their old ships in 
Wallabout Bay. 
War of 1812-15. 

United States made few prisoners and ex- 
changed them soon. 
British sent their prisoners to Halifax, 
N. S., and those taken at Sea were sent 
to Dartmoor Prison, England. 
Mexican War, 1846-48. 

United States used Perote Castle. 
War of Secession, 1861-65. 



UNION. 
Ft. Warren, I Louisville, 



Mass. 
Ft. Lafa3^ette, 

N. Y. 
Hart's Island, 

N. Y. 
Elmira, N. Y. 
Harrisburg, 

Pa. 
Washington, 

D. C 

Dry Tortugas, 

Fla. 



Ky. 
Johnson's I'd. 
Ohio. 
Camp Mor- 
ton, Ind. 
*' Douglass, 
Ills. 
Cairo, *' 
Alton, 
St. Louis, 

Mo. 



CONFEDERATE. 

Macon, Ga. 
Savannah, '• 
Andei'son- 

ville, Ga. 
Millin, 
Charleston, 

S. C. 
Columbia, 

S. C. 



Libby, Va. 
Castle Thun- 
der, Va. 
Belle Isle, " 
Salisbury, 

N. C. 
Raleigh, " 
Goldsboro, 

N. C. 
Tyler, Texas. 



A Cartel for exchange of prisoners of War, is a 
written agreement between the belligerent 
authorities. 



105 

cm. — Admin, of Andrew Johnson. 

1865, April 14, President Lincoln was assassin- 
ated and Andrew Johnson became Presi- 
dent. 

Born in North Carolina. Inaugurated April 
15, 1865 ; served 3 years, 10 months, 20 
days. 

1865, May 29th. He issued the ** Amnesty Pro- 
clamation," g-ranting amnesty except to 
certain specified classes. The important 
question was to rehabilitate the seceded 
States with a Civil Government. Before 
Congress met in December, all the States 
had complied with the terms of the Pro- 
clamation. 

1865, December 18th. The 13th Amendment 
was adopted. 
Congress claimed to control Reconstruction. 

1867, In March, the Reconstruction Act was 
passed. 

In June, Maximilian, the emperor whom 
France had imposed on Mexico, was shot. 

Alaska was purchased from Russia for 
$7,200,000. 

In September, Tenure of Office Act was passed. 

1868, February 24, President Johnson was im- 
peached ; in July he was tried, but not con- 
victed. 

July 28. The 14th Amendment was passed. 
December 25. A Proclamation of General 
Amnesty was issued. 



106 

CrV. — Adminstration of U. S. Grant. 

Bom in Ohio. Inaugurated March 4, 1869 ; 
served 8 years. 

1869, Pacific R. R. from Omaha to San Francisco 
completed. 

18T0, 15th Amendment, passed in 1869, was rati- 
fied. 

1871, Joint High Commission met and framed 
Treaty of Washington. 

1872, The Board of Arbitration convened at 
Geneva and awarded United States $15,000,- 
000 for damages due from Gt. Britain by 
depredations of Confederate Steamer Ala- 
bama (Capt. Raphael Semmes). 

1872, Gen'l U. S. Grant re-elected President. 

1873, Affairs of Credit Mobilier, a corporation 
for building the Union Pacific R. R., were 
investigated, and many prominent officials 
were disreputably involved. 

1873, A financial panic known as Black Friday 
occurred. 

1875, Congress passed Act naming January 1, 
1879, as date of Resumption of Specie Pay- 
ments. 

United States troops were sent to South Car- 
olina and Louisiana to maintain the party in 
power. Known as Bayonet Rule. 

1876, International Exposition held in Philadel- 
phia to celebrate the 100th anniversary of 
the Declaration of Independence of the 
United States. 



107 



CV. — Adminstration of R, B. Hayes. 

Born in Ohio. Inaugurated March 5, 1877 ; 
served 4 years. 

The result of the election being- in dispute, it 
was decided by the Electoral Commission in 
favor of R. B. Hayes as against Samuel J, 
Tilden. 

The U. S. troops were withdrawn from their 
employment in Southern States, and the 
work of Reconstruction was completed. 

1877, A great railroad Strike was begun and 
extended generally throughout the Northern 
States, the U. S. troops being used to 
suppress it. 

1878, The Silver Bill was passed by Congress 
requiring monthly coinage of $2,000,000. 

A Fishery Commission met at Halifax, N. S., 
and awarded Great Britain $5,500,000 dam- 
ages for violating fishing rights of Canada. 

1879, Congress passed Chinese Immigration 
Bill which was vetoed by the President. 

Jan'y 1st, Specie Payments were resumed, 
and a general revival of business followed. 



108f 
CYl.-— Admin, of Garfield and Arthur, 

JAMES A. GARFIELD. 

Born in Ohio. Inaugurated March 4, 1881; 
served 6 months, 15 days. 

1880, He was elected by the Republican Party 
which had been resolved into antagonistic 
factions known as Stalwarts and Half- 
breeds. He was assassinated July 2d, 1881, 
by Chas. J. Guiteau, and he died Sept. 19th, 
and was succeeded by 

CHESTER A. ARTHUR. 

Born in New York. Inaugurated Sept. 19, 1881 ; 
served 3 years, 5 months, 15 days. 

1 881, Great excitement existed in the beginning 
of his administration, due to the popular 
belief that the assassination of Garfield 
was effected in the interest of the Stalwart 
faction. President Arthur by his amiable 
administration of affairs removed all suspi- 
cions from the public mind, and restored the 
good will of foreign governments, which had 
been affected b3^ the disordered condition of 
Foreign Affairs from July 2d to Sept. 19th. 

1882, The Star Route trials resulted in partial 
convictions. 

1883, The East River Bridge was opened to 
traffic. 

The Survivors of the Greely Expedition were 
rescued. 



109 



CVII. — Insurrections within United States, 



1635 


Clayborne's 


Md. 


Against Rule of Proprietors 


1676 


Bacon's 


Va. 


" Burdens of Taxation 


1678 


Culpepper's 


N. C. 


" Collection of Taxes 


1689 


Leisler's 


N. Y. 


In favor of Prince of Orange 


1774 


Preliminary to 
Revolution. 






1775 


Revolution 






1787 


Shay's 


Mass. 


Against Burdens of Taxa- 
tion 


1794 


Whiskey 


Pa. 


Against a Tax on Whiskey 


1807 


Burr's 


S. W. 


** Mexico 


1833 


Nullification 


S. C. 


Tariff Taxation 


1842 


Dorr's 


R. I. 


Against Restrictions of Suf- 
frage 


1842 


Aroostook 


Me. 


Concerning Boundary of Me. 

and N. B. 
Against Presence of Mor- 


1844 


Mormon 


nis. 








mons 


1846 


Anti-Rent 


N. Y. 


Against Payment of Land 
Rents 


1850 


Taos 


N. M. 


Against Rule of Americans 


1854 


Border 


Kan. 


Against Settlement by Free 

State Men 
Against Execution of U. S. 


1857 


Mormon 


Utah 








Laws 


1859 


John Brown's 


Va. 


In favor of a Slave Insurrec- 
tion 


1861-5 


Secession 






1863 


Draft Riots 


N. Y. 


Against Executing Draft 
Laws 








1877 


Railroad Riots 


Pa. 


Striking for Higher Wages 



110 



CViii. — Indian Wars of 19th Century. 

Indian Wars have generally grown out of the 
advancing contact of the Whites, whose 
approach restricts the Indians' sense of 
freedom, and provides them with essentials 
to their personal demoralization. 

The active causes are personal encounters be- 
tween whites exercising their greed for 
Indian possessions, and Indians made drunk 
or vicious by the white man's cunning. 

Out of the vast number of Indian conflicts, the 
following are, historically, the most im- 
portant : 



1811 


Ohio, withMaumees 


1863 


Dak., with Sioux 


1813 


Ala., " Creeks 


1864 


N.Mex.,** 


1817 


Ga., " Seminoles 


1866-8 


Tex., ♦' Piegans 
Oregon, " Modocs 


1833 


Ills., " Win'bag's 


1872-3 


1835 


Fla., •' Seminoles 


1876 


Wyom., " Apaches 


1838 


ti (( (( 


1877 


Mont., *• Nez Perces 


1850 


N. Mex., " Navajoes 


1879 


Col., " Utes 


1855 


Fla., " Seminoles 


1880-5 


Ariz., " Apaches 


1857 


Minn., " Sioux 


1886 


<( « <i 


1862 


(( <( n 







in 



CEX. — Growth of the United States. 

By the Treaty of Paris made September 3d, 
1783, the territory of the United States ex- 
tended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of 
Mexico, between the French Possessions of 
Louisiana and the Atlantic Ocean, and con- 
tained about 4,000,000 people. 

1803, The Louisiana Territory was purchased 
from France for $15,000,000. 

1811, Oregon was discovered, partially explored 
and claimed for the United States. 

1819, As a settlement of Jackson's pursuit of 
Seminole Indians, Florida was purchased 
from Spain for $5,000,000. 

1845, Texas, at her request, was annexed to 
United States. 

1848, The country. North of Texas and South of 
Oregon, claimed by Mexico, was taken by 
Conquest as settled by the Treaty of 
Guadeloupe Hidalg-o. 

1853, A portion of Arizona was purchased from 
Mexico for $10,000,000, to settle a dispute 
about the boundary. This is the Gadsden 
Purchase. 

1867, Alaska (Russian Possessions in America) 
was purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. 



w^ 



ex. — Administration of Grover Cleveland. 

Born in Kew Jersey. Inaugurated March 4th, 
1885 J served 4 years. He was the first presi- 
dent elected by the Democratic Party since 
its defeat b^^ Abraham Lincoln in 1860. 

His administration of affairs was marked by great 
moderation and integrity. The revenues of 
the government greatly exceeded its wants, 
and more than one hundred millions of dol- 
lars were accumulated as a Surplus in the 
Treasury. 

The President sent a message to Congress recom- 
mending a reduction in the Tariff and Inter- 
nal Be venue laws, but Congress did not adopt 
the recommendation. 

Lord Sackville, the British Minister, was dis- 
missed for participating in the election for 
president in 1888. 

Disputes arose with Germany concerning affairs 
in the Samoan (Navigator's) islands, for set- 
tlement of which a Conference was appointed 
to meet at Berlin. 

The Nicaragua Canal bill was enacted. 



113 



CXI. — Important Political Facts, 

1798, The legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky 
adopted resolutions condemning the enact- 
ment of the Alien and Sedition laws, declar- 
ing that such questions belonged to the 
States, and, consequently, the laws were un- 
constitutional. 

1814, The " Hartford Convention " was composed 
of 12 members from the New England States, 
very distinguished men ; but the victory at 
New Orleans rendered their protests and de- 
mands abortive, and consigned its members 
and the Federalist Party to political obscurity 
for more than a generation. 

1823, The " Monroe Doctrine " declared : " That 
the American Continents, by the free and 
independent condition which thej' have as- 
sumed and maintain, are henceforth not to 
be considered as subjects for future coloniza- 
tion by any European power." 

Congress was willing to accept the, principle^ but 
declared against *' any joint action with any 
South American Republics " for its enforce- 
ment. 

8 



114 



CXII. — Important Political Facts. 

1846, The " Wilmot Proviso," offered by David 
Wilmot, M. C. from Pennsylvania, declared : 
"Tliat, as an express and fundamental con- 
dition to the acquisition of any territory from 
the Republic of Mexico by the United States, 
* * * * neither slavery nor involuntary 
servitude shall ever exist in any part of said 
territory," 

1861, The "Crittenden Compromise," offered by 
J. J. Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, 
proposed an Amendment to the Constitution, 
making 36° 30' the dividing line of free and 
Slave States, forbidding Congress to abolish 
the slave trade in the District of Columbia 
or any State. A " Peace Convention " of 
delegates from the Southern States presented 
similar propositions, but they were defeated. 

1862, The "Altoona Conference" of Northern 
Governors met at Altoona, Pennsylvania, 
early in June, and held a secret consulta- 
tion. The proceedings have not yet been dis- 
closed, but they evidently had great influence 
in determining the scope and conduct of the 
war. 



116 

CXlll.— Noteworthy Events, 1783-1835. 

1783, December 4:tb, Washington bid farewell to 
the Army. 

1783, December 23d, Washington snrrendered to 
Congress his Commission of General of the 
Army. 

1785, John Adams was appointed Minister Pleni- 
potentiary to the Conrt of Great Britain. 

1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. 

1807, Robert Fulton built the Steamboat Clermont^ 
and sailed to Albany in 32 hours. 

1811, December 16th, Earthquakes began in the 
Mississippi valley, and were repeated till the 
following February. New Madrid, Missouri, 
was destroyed and covered by a vast lake. 

1815, September 23d, The Great September Gale 
swept with great destruction over the Kew 
England coast. 

1826, April 8th, Duel between John Randolph 
and Henry Clay. 

1830, January 26th, Daniel Webster replied to 
Robert Y. Hayne. 

1830, April 6th, Mormon Church organized in 
Manchester, K. Y. 

1831, April 22d, James D. Jeffers, alias Charles 
Gibbs, the " Scourge of the Ocean," was 
hanged for piracy. 

1835, January 30th, Richard Lawrence made an 
attempt to assassinate President Andrew 
Jackson. 



116 



CXIY, -^Noteworthy Events, 1835-1842. 

1835, Samuel F. B. Morse put in operation the 
first recording electric telegraph instrument. 

1835, December 16th, The Great Fire occurred in 
New York City. 

1837, John Quincy Adams, in Congress, success- 
fully defended the <' Right of Petition » in 
resistance of the "Gag Rule" adopted by 
Congress to prevent consideration of petitions 
against Slavery. 

1837, Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, carried his 
** Expunging Resohition" for expunging from 
the Journal of the United States Senate the 
resolution of censure against Andrew Jack- 
son, President of United States. 

1837, Kovember 13th and 14th, An Aurora Borea- 
lis of exceeding grandeur was seen in New 
York and vicinity. 

1838^he expedition under Capt. Charles Wilkes, 
IT. S. Navy, discovered the Antarctic Conti- 
nent. 

1840, The Washington Temperance Society was 
formed in Baltimore, and was the beginning 
of the organized temperance movement iu 
the United States. 

1842, John C. Fremont started on his explora- 
tions iu the Rocky Mountains, and reached 
CalifornlA in time to share iu its conquest 



117 



QXY.— Noteworthy Events, 1842-1847. 

1842, Capt. A. S. Mackenzie, U. S. N., hanged 
Midshipman Spencer as the leader of a mutiny 
on the U. S. Brig Somers, 

1843, The Great Comet was visible and assisted 
in promoting the belief in the prophecies of 
the " Second Advent " of Christ, and the de- 
struction of the world as held in the doctrine 
of the Millerites. 

1844, February 28th, A gun of large dimensions, 
called the ** Peacemaker," burst on board the 
U. S. Steamer Princeton, killing many per- 
sons. 

1846» Drs. Charles T. Jackson, Horace Wells, and 
William I. C. Morton, gave to the world the 
discovery, adaptation and use of Anaesthet- 
ics. 

1846, The Sewing Machine became, at the hands 
of Elias Howe, Jr., a practical and useful 
invention. 

1847, The manifestations called " Spirit Rapping " 
were observed, cultivated, and exhibited by 
the family of John D. Fox, near Rochester, 
K Y. 



118 



CXYJ.-^Mteworthy Events, 1848-1851. 

1848, The existence of extensive deposits of gold 
in California liad long been known, but the 
fact was not proclaimed abroad to the world 
till after the conquest and secure possession 
of the country by the United States. 

1849, The rivalry between the American actor, 
Edwin Forrest, and the English actor, W. C. 
Macready, culminated in the Astor Place 
Riots, which were suppressed by Military 
Force. 

1850, The Grinnell Expedition to the Arctic Ocean 
in search of Sir John Franklin, sailed under 
command of Lieut. DeHaven, U. S. Navy. 
A second expedition sailed under command 
of Dr. E. K. Kane, U. S. Navy, in 1852. 

1851, The constituted authority in California was 
powerless, and the affairs of civil government 
were usurped by a " Vigilance Committee," 
composed of the best ])eople, who suppressed 
the disorderly elements by the summary exe- 
cution of many criminals. 



119 



CXYIL—J^oteivorthy Events, 1851-1860. 

1851, Loais Kossutli, ex-Governor of Hungary, 
who bad effected the emancipation of the 
peasants of his country from serfdom, was a 
fugitive and, by invitation of the United States 
Congress, visited this country and received 
the liighest official and private honors of 
reception. 

1853, A " WorkVs Fair'' was held in New York, 
in the Crystal Palace, for the " exhibition of 
the industries of all nations." 

1856, Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachu- 
setts, was assaulted, in the Senate Chamber, 
by Preston Brooks, M. C. from South Caro- 
lina. 

1857, The " Great Panic," which ended in general 
financial disasters, began with the failure of 
the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. 

1859, Petroleum (Seneca Oil, Rock Oil) was found, 
by boring, at Titusville, in Pennsylvania, and 
rapidly developed into one of the greatest 
and most important industries of modern 
times. 

1860, The first embassy sent out from Japan to 
modern nations arrived in the United States. 



120 



OXYlll.— Noteworthy Events, 1860-1883. 

1860, William Walker began his filibustering ex- 
peditious against Central American States. 

1860, The Prince of Wales visited the United 
States and traveled extensively, receiving 
very general hospitality. 

1861, October 25th, Telegraph line from St. Louis 
to San Francisco was completed. 

1862, July 1st, The President signed the ^' Act" 
for a railroad from the Missouri Kiver to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

1862, September 22d, The President issued a con- 
ditional proclamation looking to the Emanci- 
pation of Slaves. 

1869, May 10th, The Union Pacific and Central 
Pacilic railroads were completed. 

1871, October 9th, Chicago was destroyed by fire 
with a loss of $100,000,000. 

1872, November 9th, The ^' business " part of 
Boston was destroyed by fire with a loss of 
$75,000,000. 

1877, The first Bell Telephone was set up for pub- 
lic service. 

1878, The first practical Elevated Kailroad was 
erected in Kew York City. 

1878, The general use of Electric Lights began. 



121 



CXIX — Adminisiraiion of Benjamin Harrison. 
Born in Ohio, 1833, grandson of W. H. Harrison, 

9th President of the U. S., great-grandson of 

Benjamin Harrison, one of the signers of the 

Declaration of Independence. 
Inaugurated March 4, 1889, served 4 years. 

Elected by Republican party. 

1889 Purchase from Indians of Oklahoma and 
opening of the territory to settlement. 
Congress of Three Americas (Central and 
South America with Mexico and United States) 
to bring about closer commercial union of the 
Americas. 

Four new States admitted — Montana, Wash- 
ington, North and South Dakota. 
Department of Agriculture included in chief 
executive departments. 

1890 Idaho and Wyoming admitted. 

New Pension Act — adding about 480,000 new 
names to list of invalid soldiers or widows. 
Sherman Silver Purchase Act, directing 
Treasurer of U. S. to purchase (if offered) 
4,500,000 ounces of silver monthly. 
McKinley Tariff Act. Important provisions, 
reciprocity measures^ permitting free importation 
of certain articles from countries conditional 
upon admission of United States products free 
to those countries. 
1892 Public celebration of four hundredth anni- 
versary of discovery of America by Columbus. 



122 



CXX — Second Administration of Grover Cleveland. 
Inaugurated March 4, 1893. Served 4 years. 

1893 Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 

Great financial distress throughout the coun- 
try — Special meeting of Congress called and 
purchase clause of Sherman Act repealed. 

1894 Force Act repealed. (Act permitting gen- 
eral government to order troops to be present 
at elections.) 

Behring Sea dispute settled by arbitration — 
United States claim of right to control Behring 
Sea denied, but protection to seals guaranteed. 
Coxey Industrial Army marched to Washing- 
ton to demand relief from general government, 
but accomplished nothing. 
Great Pullman strike extends to railroads of 
country. 
New money panic. 

1895 A boundary dispute between British Guiana 
and Venezuela arose, which promised to lead to 
hostilities. A protest was made by President 
Cleveland (in accordance with the Monroe 
Doctrine) against seizure of territory by 
Great Britain and a commission was appointed 
to ascertain the true boundary. Before report 
of commission was made Venezuela and Great 
Britain signed a treaty of arbitration. 



123 



CXXI — Administration of William McKinley, 

Born in Ohio, 1843. 

Inaugurated March 4, 1897, served 4 years. 

March 15. Extra session called to enact laws 

to increase revenue. 

July 24th— "Dingley" Tariff Bill, resembling 

in its provisions the "McKinley" Bill of 1890, 

was passed. 

May 1897— $50,000 voted by Congress to 

relieve American sufferers in Cuba. 

1898 Feb. 8th. Spanish Minister, De Lome, was 
recalled for making disparaging remarks about 
the President in a letter. 

Feb. 15th — Battleship Maine blown up in 
Havana harbor and 260 officers and men 
killed. Court of Inquiry, appointed to ascertain 
cause, reported destruction by a mine, but was 
unable to fix responsibility. 
March 9th. Bill passed appropriating $50,- 
000,000 for " National Defense." 
April. U. S. Consuls recalled from Cuba. 
April 19th. Resolution adopted by Congress 
demanding that Spain withdraw from Cuba. 
April 21st. Spanish government sends U. S. 
minister his passports. 
April 24th. War formally declared. 
April 23d. Call for 125,000 volunteers. War 
tax bill passed (June) providing for stamp, in- 
heritance, and special tax on tea, also for 
silver coinage ($1,500,000 per month) and 
issue of 400 millions in 3 per cent, bonds. 
May 1st. Spanish fleet destroyed in Manila 
Bay by Commodore Dewey's fleet. 



124 



May 25th. 75,000 additional volunteers called 
for by the President. 

June 20th. Army of 18,000, under command 
of General Shafter,landed near Santiago,Cuba. 

July 1st. Outer defences of Santiago cap- 
tured, including El Caney and San Juan Hill. 

July 3d. Spanish fleet under Cervera de- 
stroyed by U. S. fleet under command of 
Rear-Admiral Sampson (Commodore Schley 
in active command during temporary absence 
of Rear-Admiral Sampson). 
July 17th. Surrender of Santiago. 
July 25th. Army under General Miles landed 
at Guanica, Porto Rico ; two minor engage- 
ments (Aug. 9-10) concluded the fighting, as 
peace protocol was signed Aug 12th, provid- 
ing that Spain should release all claims upon 
Cuba, cede to the U. S. Porto Rico and an 
island of the Ladrones (Pacific), and should 
immediately evacuate the West Indies. 
Aug. 13th. Before news of cessation of hostili- 
ties arrived, army under General Merritt 
(11,000 men) assisted by the fleet under 
Dewey, captured the city of Manila, Philip- 
pine Islands. 

Dec. 10th. Treaty of Peace signed (ratified 
by Senate Feb. 6th, 1899). 
Sandwich Islands annexed by joint resolution 
passed by Congress July 6, 1898. (Modified 
form of Territorial government given to the 
islands by Congress, April 27, 1900.) 



125 



1899 Tutuila and several small islands of Saraoan 
group made property of U. S. by treaty between 
Germany, Great Britain and U. S., formerly 
constituting the protectorate of the Samoan 
group. 

February. Formal possession taken of Guam, 
Ladrone Islands. 

Feb. 4. Filipinos under Aguinaldo began war 
of rebellion against U. S. at Manila — Ameri- 
can troops under Command of General Elwell 
S. Otis. 

March 31, Malolos, Filipino capital, captured. 
April 11. Act passed by Congress providing 
for government of Porto Rico (territorial, 
under Governor and Executive Council to be 
appointed by President.) 

1900 February. Commission appointed by Presi- 
dent take charge of construction of govern- 
ment of Philippines. Judge William H. Taft 
(of Cincinnati, O.) made president of Com- 
mission. 



126 



Q,yiyA\~ Spanish' American War. 

Causes — The close proximity of Cuba, a colony of 
Spain, rendered rebellious by years of oppres- 
sive treatment by the mother country — the 
consequent interference with interests of the 
United States, and the sympathy for the 
Cubans felt by this country, which had revolted 
for similar but less harsh treatment. 

The demand made upon Spain by this coun- 
try that oppressive cruelty to the people in 
Cuba should be stopped. 
The destruction of the Maine in Havana har- 
bor, while on a friendly visit to that harbor, 
bringing matters to a crisis. 

The declaration by President McKinley in a 
message to Congress, that in " the name of 
humanity" and "in behalf of endangered 
American interests" the " war in Cuba must 
stop." 

Congress passing resolutions demanding that 
Spain should give up all sovereignty over 
Cuba and authorizing the President in case 
of refusal to use the forces of the United 
States to compel the Spaniards to evacuate 
the island. 

Spain's refusal to grant these demands. 

War declared by Congress April 25, 1898. 

Results — Blockade of Cuban ports by United 
States' fleet — Invasion of Cuba and Porto 
Rico — Destruction of Spanish fleets at Manila, 



127 



Philippine Islands, and off Cuba— Capture of 
Spanish Army at Santiago. 

Cession by Spain of Porto Rico, Guam, the 
largest of the Ladrone Islands, and the entire 
Philippine group, and relinquishment by 
Spain of all right and title to Cuba. 

Treaty of peace signed in Paris Dec. 10, 1898, 
ratified by Senate Feb. 6, 1899, on these terms, 
the United States paying Spain $20,000,000 for 
public works constructed by Spain in the Phil- 
ippine Islands. 



128 



CXX.III— Noteworthy Events 1883-1890. 

1883 Civil Service Reform Act passed. 
Reduction of letter postage rate from three 
cents to two. 

1884 New Orleans Cotton Centennial Exhibition 
to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of 
first export of cotton. 

1885 Limit of weight for letters at single postage 
changed from one half to one ounce. 

1886 Extensive labor troubles — Serious Anarchist 
riot in Chicago known as the Haymarket riot. 
Great earthquake at Charleston. 
Presidential succession act, providing for suc- 
cession of Secretary of State and, if necessary, 
other members of the Cabinet in case of death 
of President and Vice-President. 

1887 Interstate Commerce Act passed, creating 
uniformity of rates for both passengers and 
freight on all railroads which pass through 
more than one State. 

1888 Chinese Immigration Act, forbidding 
Chinese immigration. 

1889 The Government lands of Oklahoma thrown 
open to settlers (April 22d). 

Montana Washington, North and South 

Dakota admitted as States. 

Australian or secret ballot first introduced (in 

Massachusetts). 

1890 Edmunds law of 1882, punishing polygamy, 
affirmed by Supreme Court — Mormon Church 



129 



Corporation dissolved and its property 

declared forfeited to the United States. 

New Pension Act passed adding nearly 500,- 

000 names to pension rolls. 

Sherman Silver Purchase and Coinage Act 

passed directing Treasurer of United States, 

to buy (if offered) 4^ million ounces of silver 

per month. 

Wyoming admitted as a State— The first State 

admitted giving women full rights of suffrage. 



130 



QX.yA'^— Noteworthy Events 1890 to 1900. 

1891 Behring sea (seal fishery) controversy between 
United States and England submitted to 
arbitration. 

1892 Great strike at Carnegie Steel Works, Home- 
stead, Pa. 

1893 Columbian Exposition opened at Chicago. 
Purchase clause of Sherman Silver bill 
repealed. 

1894 Force Act (permitting general government to 
order troops to be present at elections) 
repealed. 

Behring sea controversy decided — the sea 

being declared open and not under control of 

United States. 

Coxey's " Industrial Army " marches to 

Washington. 

Republic of Hawaii recognized. 

1895 Atlanta exhibition. 
Venezuela boundary dispute. 

1896 Utah admitted as a State. 

1897 Congressional Library Building opened. 
Dingley Tariff Bill passed (July 24th). 

1898 "■ Greater New York " Charter goes into 
operation. 

Revolution in Cuba. 

(Feb. 15th) Destruction of the Maine in 

Havana Harbor. 

War with Spain declared (April 25th). 



131 



Destruction of Spanish Fleet in Manila 

Harbor, Philippine Is. (May 1). 

Battle of Las Guasimas, Cuba (June 24). 

Battles of El Caney and San Juan, Cuba 

(July 1-2). 

Destruction of Cervera's fleet (July 3). 

Annexation of Sandwich Is. (July 7). 

Peace Protocol signed (Aug. 12). 

Treaty of Peace with Spain signed, Paris, Dec. 

10th (ratified by U. S. Senate. Feb. 6th 1899). 

1899 Evacuation of Cuba by Spanish (Jan. 1). 

Tutuila and several small islands of Samoan 
group became property of U. S. by treaty with 
Germany and Great Britain. 
Formal possession taken of Guam, Ladrone 
Islands (February). 

February 4th. War of rebellion against U. S. 
begun by Filipinos under Aguinaldo at Manila. 
April 11th. Act passed by Congress provid- 
ing for territorial government for Porto Rico. 

1900. Commission appointed by President for con- 
struction of government of Filipinos (Febru- 
ary). 

Great strike of coal miners of Pennsylvania — 
September and October. 
Galveston destroyed by great hurricane Sep- 
tember 8th. 
November. — McKinley re-elected. 



4r% mm^^^m 



/ M /i 



iviAR 14 1901 



